COCKS 1675 (Gypsies Passing Through) WATERMAN Mary 1720 (Gypsies Passing Through) MCMANUS ( Birth Place Scotland ( Scource Mary McKay Genealogy) EALER 1556 (Wiltshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) CRAGG 1802 (Essex ) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) SQUIBB 1861(Gypsies Passing Through) CONNELL-present (Ireland, London) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) ALFORD/ALLFORD (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) 1729- HENDRY ( Birth Place Scotland) ( Scource Mary McKay Genealogy) MCLEAD ( born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1871) GRIFFITHS 1825-1925 (Gypsies Passing Through) )(Eng,Wales) TOWNEND (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HAKEN(Gypsies Passing Through) ALCORN (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) MURREY 1748 (Gypsies Passing Through) SKERRY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) Further research revealed that the name is derived from the Old English word bower, which means bow maker. GRAMMER 1700 (Gypsies Passing Through) PINFOLD (see PENFOLD)Gypsies in Britain Author Brian Vesey-FitzGerald WebBOWERS, Ann, Dau, Single, 1881 Farnboro, Hampshire -- 1881 Glanford Brigg, Barrow upon Humber, 10, Providence Row, Barrow Upon Humber, Lincolnshire BROWN, Caroline, Head, Single, 1852 Gipsy Hawker, Not Given CLAYTON, John, Nephew Single, 1864 Gipsy, NK, ?, 1849 Gipsy, Not Given -- 1881 Wortley, Thurlstone, Salterbrook, Thurlstone, JERMY 1851 (Norfolk) See Robert Dawson ARITF) POLITO (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) PARAMORE 1891 (Sussex) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) HOWEN (See Owen) LIDSTONE (Gypsies Passing Through) SMART 1763 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CARRICK 1635 (Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 HORNSBEE/ HORNSBY 1705 (Gypsies Passing Through) PURCHELL/PURCELL (Ire) 1764 (Gypsies Passing Through) TUGBY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) Gypsy Romance. GOLDING Edward (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) Page 22 LAWS 1881-1901 See Robert Dawson ARITFfor locations) HARMSWORTH 1730- (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County Council) HUMPHRIES/HUMPHREY 1770/1960 (int) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) LACY, -10 .11. ROSSEAU/ ROSAIRE /ROSHIER/ ROSS/ ,ROSER,1500s,(France, Cornwall, Kent,Sussex,Scot,Yks) WATTS (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HOTCHKINS (Gypsies Passing Through) POUNDS (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) NEAGLE (Gypsies Passing Through) GAUSDEU (Gypsies Passing Through) BASSELL 1704 (Gypsies Passing Through) ABBOTT 1881 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) (Berkshire) HASTIE (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1841-1851) CULLINGS (Ref Gypsies Passing Through) AMES (see HAMES) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) PARKER 1592 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) COSTER 1945-1975 (Kent) See Robert Dawson ARITF) DRYDEN (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) FAREDIGE 1744 (Gypsies Passing Through) GOSTLOW (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DURRIN (Gypsies Passing Through) BUCKLE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DOGHERTY ( Birth Place Ireland) ( Scource Mary McKay Genealogy) MURDICH (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) WARDLE 1881 (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) GREENWOOD 1754 (Gypsies Passing Through) RYLES/RILEY/ROYAL 1852-1970 (int) (Wales, Ireland, England) See Dawson ARITF) The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 MIDMORE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) TIPPUCK (1719 England) MONK(S) 1825 (Lancashire) (Gypsies Passing Through) BATCHELOR 1881 (Surrey) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) COLLIER (Gypsies Passing Through) SANDERSON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) TRINDER (Gypsies Passing Through) WOLMER, (Census-1851 (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County Council) Page 75 FARNEY 1760 (Gypsies Passing Through) ROLAND/ ROLLAND(Gypsies Passing Through) HENSLEY 1730 (Gypsies Passing Through) FURNISS 1700 (Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) PORTER 1676 Family (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HAYRE 1881 (Suffolk) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) Page 8 DELLAWAY (@ STRUDWICK) (Gypsies Passing Through) PEAKS (Norfolk) (1851 Census) BANGS (convict to W.A.) BULLOCK 1648 (Derbyshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) CAMBLE/CAMPBELL (Place: South Shields -Co. Durham) (Scotland Census 1861) DEDMAN (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) FRANCIS (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BACON 1799-1961 (Gypsies Passing Through) THORLEY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CONNER 1807 (Gypsies Passing Through) DE MARNES (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) COKER (Gypsies Passing Through) McILPHERSON 1671 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BECKLEY Charles (Bedford Prison) SILK 1763 (Gypsies Passing Through) BAWDEN (Eng) (Census 1841) Gypsy Rose Lee Actress | Belle of the Yukon . STANIFORTH 1680-1921 (int) (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) JUDD (Gypsies Passing Through) PAGGETT 1772 (Poor House Records) FOREMAN Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) SLOPER (Oxfordshire) See Robert Dawson ARITF) BELLIS 1914 (Gypsies Passing Through) WELCH/WALSH/WELSH 1851-present (Aust,England,Ireland,Wales) (Dawson) McVEY/McVEIGH (Co.Down, Yorkshire) Page 49 SEXTON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) MAIG (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) COLE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CAM John 1774 4 Dec John & Hannah (A Traveller) (Baptisms Broughton Oxfordshire HARRIS 1556 (Gypsies Passing Through) MYERS, 1739 (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County Council) PEARSON 1721-1906 (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) DUPPS (born Ireland) ( Scotland Census 1851) SYLVESTER 1580 (Yorkshire) (Gypsies Passing Through), TREES (@ for WOOD) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) REDPATH 1800 (Scotland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) Page 77 MCINNES (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) ANDRE /ANDREE (Ref Gypsies in Britain Author Brian Vesey-FitzGerald, published late 1930s) LIGHT/LEIGHT John(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. PEARSON Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) Many thanks to Lucy Wood for providing this information. CONINGS 1754 (Gypsies Passing Through) SEGAR (Gypsies Passing Through) CLARIDGE (Wiltshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) STENNING (S)(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DOE(England Census 1841) CHISHOLM : Snizort -Inverness-shire (1841 Census) PENNY (Gypsies Passing Through) Gypsy City Band Ordered Out of Sidney; Fines Paid. KEMPSTER (Hampshire, Kent) See Robert Dawson ARITF) THRIFT 1625 (Gypsies Passing Through) endstream endobj 4128 0 obj <>/Size 4115/Type/XRef>>stream JANES/JAYNES 1839 (Somerset) See Robert Dawson ARITF) KNIGHTON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BULFIT (Gypsies Passing Through) VENESS/VENUS Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HERRICKINGS 1881 (Bedfordshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) Page 52 WOODHALL 1709 (Gypsies Passing Through) BIRCH /BURCH,BYRCH (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HISCOCK/HISCOX 1708 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BOWNIA (See BUNYAN) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) HITCHEN (Gypsies Passing Through) CLEMENCE 1655 (Gypsies Passing Through) ROWEL(S)/ /ROLLS 1814-1898 (England) See Robert Dawson ARITF) FLODDER 1645 (See Robert Dawson ARITF) FOXWELL 1750 (Burial Surrey, Ref Gypsies Passing Through) CANNING (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) KELMAN (Gypsies Passing Through) SYMS 1694 (Gypsies Passing Through), PETRIE (Born England) (Scotland Census 1891) BENDELL (Hampshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) HODGKINS (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BERGO 1540 (Scotland .Cp Virgo) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) PERFITT/PARFITT (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) Scottish and Irish nomads (Celtic Travellers) are more commonly and disrespectfully referred to as Tinkers, Pikeys and Gypos. WebBohemia is the land of their origin ; and when we consider that one of the most enlightened nations of Europe has called them Bohemians for four hundred years, it is remarkable ARIGHO family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) PERRETT (Gypsies Passing Through) USSER 1765-1883 (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) SYMONDS 1730 (Gypsies Passing Through), The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 Page 33 PAWLET 1680 (Ref Gypsies Passing Through) LOWTHER 1775 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DARNBOROUGH 1791 (Middlesex) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) FAIRCHILD 1726 (Northamptonshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) BRISTOLL 1729 (Gypsies Passing Through) McGLONE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DEAR (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) TOW 1848 -1861 (See Robert Dawson ARITF) ELSLEY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) McCORMICK 1826-1834 (Ireland, Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) WIPER 1780 (Scotland, Yorkshire) See Robert Dawson ARITF) TYRES 1610 (Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) TASSELL (Eng) (1851 Census) CHENNIL Henry 1692 (Gypsies Passing Through) ROSSER/ROSSITER See Robert Dawson ARITF) BRINDLEON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BOYDEN (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) POOLE 1726 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) O'NEAL(Gypsies Passing Through) COOPLING (Gypsies Passing Through) LAMP present Kent See Robert Dawson ARITF) CANHAM (no info) AVERHILL (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) GODDEN (Gypsies Passing Through) WATERSTON (Born England) (Scotland Census 1891) NORMAN (St Clement Cornwall (1851 Census) 1891-1924 (Sussex) MIRELI SMITH Gypsies in Britain Author Brian Vesey-FitzGerald, published late 1930s) EGLIN 1673 (Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) JVL Introduction. GEDDES 1800 (Scotland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) SHARLOCKS 1784 (Gypsies Passing Through) FLACK (Gypsies Passing Through) DAILEY (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) ARMSTRONG 1811 (born Cumberland-Longtown 1815)(1861 Census) BAZLETT (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1841-1851) DUNFORD (Gypsies Passing Through) MAINER 1815 (Gypsies Passing Through) ORTON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) MOWBAY/MOWBEY Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller HUMM (Essex) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) FARO (Gypsies Passing Through) MANKLOW 1881 (England, Ireland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) GOODWIN (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) KNOX, (Census-1861- (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County Council CHARLOTTE ( see SHARLOTT) (1858) 1871 Census) BARKER 1663 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) LANE 1812(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) NASH Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) FANNAN (Born England) (Scotland Census 1891) JIMINEZ (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) ROAKE 1676 (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) BENHAM 1868 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) TELLING (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) SANDFORTH SARGENT (Scotland 1841Census) COSTIN (Bedford Prison Records) BATTON 1677 (Gypsies Passing Through) DAVIE (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) KICK (Gypsies Passing Through) FAA/FAW/FARR/FALL 1470-1909int) (Scotland &other locations) Ref Journal TFHS HUES 1770 (Gypsies Passing Through) LOUTH (Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) FEATHERSTONE 1599-1621 (Durham, Middlesex, Northamptonshire) (See Robert Dawson) DUFFIELD (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) GUIVER (Hertfordshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) Page 19 HOOPER (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DUFFY (Born Scotland) (Scotland Census 1891)- LEECH (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) VINDEN Lily(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) FINLEY (born Ireland) ( Scotland Census 1851) WILDESPIN(E) (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) PALE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) PLUMMER (Gypsies Passing Through) ASKEW (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County Council) GILLIS (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) CRONK 1891 (Norfolk) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) ENAS (Gypsies Passing Through) FOE (Baptisms Gypsies Passing Through) ABLETH 1708 Northamptonshire (See Robert Dawson ARITF) KENNEBY 1760 (Gypsies Passing Through) German Farm Names . SKINNER (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1841-1851) BATES 1721 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) MACLEAN (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1841-1851) CRILLY/CRELLY (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) HARLOW (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) GRIMWOOD (no info) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) HANLY (Scot Census 1851) IRELAND (Gypsies Passing Through) We use cookies to enhance your personalized experience for ads, analytics, and more. TICE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) PERKINS1817 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BRADSHAW 1771-1881 (Huntingdonshire,Ireland, Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) BRINKLEY Family (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HOUNSLOW (Gypsies Passing Through) BELLDON Family (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) COONEY, Patrick--(Census-1901-Hackney, London (Reg No-RG13/221) (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County DOCHERTY/DOCERTY 1840-1981 (Northern Ireland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) CLARK ( born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1871) BIDDALL (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) MacCLEAN 1799 (Gypsies Passing Through) %%EOF LOVELAND (London, Middlesex, Surrey) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) GLASTONBURY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BLAKEMAN (see BLACKHAM & BLACKMAN) DAVI(E)S Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CULLEY 1826 (Ref Gypsies Passing Through) LOCKLEY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) LINDSEY (see LINSLEY (See Robert Dawson ARITF) ACKLETON /AKLETON (Ref Gypsies Passing Through) ADGIE (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) McBEAN (Gypsies Passing Through) PIDCOCK (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CAVENDISH 1767 (Gypsies Passing Through) SHELTON (Gypsies Passing Through) NILTON? The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 FEANCOURT 1724 (Gypsies Passing Through) ELSTON 1823 (Gypsies Passing Through) DENVONBRUGE (1881 Census) DOUTCH (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) SABIN (Gypsies Passing Through) SHOESMITH (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BEADLE(Old Bailey) DOUGLAS/ DOUGLASS/ DAGLASS c1590 (Scot, Eng)(Gypsies Passing Through) FRANCE 1727 (Northamptonshire) HUNTEFIELD (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CROFT (Kent) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) CAYTAN (Gypsies Passing Through) BUNGEY (Gypsies Passing Through) OGILVIE 1768-1860 (Scotland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) WASHMAN 1881 (Sussex) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) HOLDER 1744 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) (Con) CHANTLES (Gypsies Passing Through) The Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 ATTEWELL (1881 UK Census Somerset) TOKELY (Essex) CLARKSON (1824 Berkshire, 1861 Sussex ,1891 Yorkshire,) (Census 1861) POULING (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) TUBB (Gypsies Passing Through) SKINNER (Cambridgshire) (Gypsies Passing Through) NUTON, 1772 (Ref Gypsy Index Leicestershire County Council) STIRLING/STERLING 1714-1967 (England,Scotland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) DONOVAN (Wales, Kent (Gypsies Passing Through) AUSTEN 1822 (Gypsies Passing Through) OVENDEN (Gypsies Passing Through) WILLOUGHTON 1891 (London) See Robert Dawson ARITF) LANG 1851 (Essex, Yorkshire) See Robert Dawson ARITF) RUMBOLD 1781 (Gypsies Passing Through) LINDSAY (Gypsies in Britain Author Brian Vesey-FitzGerald, published late 1930s) RAMES 1753 (Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) ARNFIELD 1827-1862 (Derbyshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) CONSTABLE (Gypsies Passing Through) BLOWER 1894 (Durham) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) CRAFT(S) 1688- 1618 (Leicestershire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) WebThe (brand new) Celtic Travellers DNA project is primarily for individuals looking for help in identifying the origins of their own direct paternal or maternal line of descent. GRAY ( Birth Place England) FURIE Family(Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) VIRGO (compare BERGO) 1908-1909 (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) BIERLEY/BIRLEY 1686 (Bedfodshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) TYSTAFF Ellen 1829 (UK) PHARO (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HATSEYGAW 1640-1642 (Scotland) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) WINMAN 1910 (Surrey) See Robert Dawson ARITF) ELVYN 1615 (Norfolk) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 KYRN 1801(Gypsies Passing Through) DANCE ( Berkshire, Portsea, USA, ) LARK (Huntingdonshire) See Robert Dawson ARITF) BARWICK (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) ARTER (1881 Census) SUET (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BRUTON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CRANER 1682 (Ref Gypsies Passing Through) FARRIN (born Ireland) ( Scotland Census 1851) LOCKTON (England Census 1861) The Traveller Tinker Gypsy Surname Index of Great Britain Updated 8/03/2010 TALLY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DARLING (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) DUNTON (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) STEPHENS/STEVENS 1722-present (England,Wales) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) PICKEN (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) NORTH 1752 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BODY (Milton Gravesend) MCMORRY (born Ireland) ( Scotland Census 1851) NEWLEY 1914 (Sussex) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) BENNINGS 1905 (Gypsies Passing Through) CRAWLEY (London) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) RILEY ( Birth Place Not Stated) ( Scource Mary McKay Genealogy) BECKWORTH (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) LELEHAM/LEEMING/LEEDING/LEMAN 1612-1881 (See Robert Dawson ARITF) GROUNSEL 1891 (Surrey) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) WILKINS (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) ASTLEY (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) HARDING 1742 (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) WHYTE (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) RODGERS 1769 (Gypsies Passing Through) STANDLEY 1574 (Poole, Dorset England ) Ref Romanygenes) DOCARIA 1891 (Norfolk ) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) WHYTE (born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1851) HORROCKS/HORRICK (1835 Census) (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) CODONA (Scot) (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) MCINTOSH ( born Scotland) ( Scotland Census 1871) RAWSON 1594-1891 (int) (England) (See Robert Dawson ARITF) BUTTERFIELD 1836 (Gypsies Passing Through) CORNER (Ref Gypsies Passing Through) CAVALE ( Channel Island 1881 Census) WIBER (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) BOWEN (England & Wales) (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society) WILKS (Ref Journal of the Romany and Traveller Family History Society)