However, subsequent studies82 questioned the mycobactericidal prowess of glutaraldehydes. 1. From cleaning your blinds to getting out pesky permanent marker. However, antimicrobial activity depends not only on age but also on use conditions, such as dilution and organic stress. A 2.0% glutaraldehyde7.05% phenol1.20% sodium phenate product that contained 0.125% glutaraldehyde0.44% phenol0.075% sodium phenate when diluted 1:16 is not recommended as a high-level disinfectant because it lacks bactericidal activity in the presence of organic matter and lacks tuberculocidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal activity 49, 55, 56, 71, 73-79, 614. Please see this press release What else can kill germs on your hands or surfaces? Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Before using a new hand sanitizer, check to make sure the product doesnt appear on the list of hand sanitizers to avoid provided by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The concentration should be considered unacceptable or unsafe when the test indicates a dilution below the products minimum effective concentration (MEC) (generally to 1.0%1.5% glutaraldehyde) by the indicator not changing color. an unsigned letter from Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City, it's preferable to wash your hands with soap and water, will not have a negative effect on the immune system, The best disinfectants for viruses and which ingredients to look for, How do viruses spread and how to protect yourself against infection, Does bleach kill germs? When it is used, , direct exposure to employees generally is limited; however, excessive exposures to formaldehyde have been documented for employees of renal transplant units 574, 579, and students in a gross anatomy laboratory 580. Two studies demonstrated the effectiveness of 70% isopropyl alcohol to disinfect reusable transducer heads in a controlled environment 509, 510. OPA must be disposed in accordance with local and state regulations. These alcohols are rapidly bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic against vegetative forms of bacteria; they also are tuberculocidal, fungicidal, and virucidal but do not destroy bacterial spores. Thats not the case with some overproof rums. Most rum produced today is made with sugar cane and goes through a distillation process to remove any of the impurities. Furthermore, alcohol occasionally is used to disinfect external surfaces of equipment (e.g., stethoscopes, ventilators, manual ventilation bags) 506, CPR manikins 507, ultrasound instruments 508 or medication preparation areas. If OPA disposal through the sanitary sewer system is restricted, glycine (25 grams/gallon) can be used to neutralize the OPA and make it safe for disposal. Ingestion of formaldehyde can be fatal, and long-term exposure to low levels in the air or on the skin can cause asthma-like respiratory problems and skin irritation, such as dermatitis and itching. According to Fihn, it appears that excessive alcohol consumption damages microflora in the gut and can damage the liver and spleen, which are important in supporting the immune system. Evidence exists that supports these and other possibilities 745 748. The high efficacy of the system was demonstrated in a comparison of the efficacies of the system with that of ethylene oxide. But not to worry. Find out where else germs live and how to keep those spots clean. Published reports on the antimicrobial efficacy of commonly used phenolics showed they were bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and tuberculocidal 14, 61, 71, 73, 227, 416, 573, 732-738. Here's what you need to know. At least 500 ppm available chlorine for 10 minutes is recommended for decontaminating CPR training manikins 558. Made in: ScotlandThe Glasgow-based, eco-minded makers of the botanical However, efficacy did not differ when the exposure time was 10 minutes 697. Summary of advantages and disadvantages of commonly used sterilization technologies, Table 7. Many phenolic germicides are EPA-registered as disinfectants for use on environmental surfaces (e.g., bedside tables, bedrails, and laboratory surfaces) and noncritical medical devices. Increasing the pH from its unadjusted level (about 6.5) to pH 8 improved the sporicidal activity of OPA 694. Stroh 160 Overproof Rum In The USA In Europe, this product is known as Stroh 80, referring to the 80% alcohol by volume overproof rating. In the USA, the same rum is named Stroh 160 to underscore its 160 proof content. In simple terms, there is twice as much alcohol in this bottle than your average 80 proof rum, so a little bit goes a long way. FDA has not cleared any liquid chemical sterilant or high-level disinfectants with iodophors as the main active ingredient. Phenolics (and other disinfectants) should not be used to clean infant bassinets and incubators while occupied. The silica gel tube and the DNPH-impregnated cassette are suitable for monitoring the 0.05 ppm ceiling limit. A 3% concentration for 150 minutes killed 106 spores in six of seven exposure trials 658. The inclusion of acrylic resin particles in formulations markedly increases the volume of fluid that can be soaked up because the resin can absorb 200300 times its own weight of fluid, depending on the fluid consistency. An unopened rum doesnt go bad unless it is left exposed for a very long time. The mycobactericidal activity of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide has been corroborated in a study showing the inactivation of >105 multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis after a 10-minute exposure 666. Hypochlorites are widely used in healthcare facilities in a variety of settings. Colitis believed caused by glutaraldehyde exposure from residual disinfecting solution in endoscope solution channels has been reported and is preventable by careful endoscope rinsing 318, 620-630. 63% is the magic number for sanitizer. Preventive measures include removal of OPA residues by thorough rinsing and not using OPA for reprocessing urologic instrumentation used to treat patients with a history of bladder cancer (Nevine Erian, personal communication, June 4, 2004; Product Notification, Advanced Sterilization Products, April 23, 2004) 709. Glutaraldehyde is commonly diluted during use, and studies showed a glutaraldehyde concentration decline after a few days of use in an automatic endoscope washer 608, 609. The recommended contact time for common disinfectants ranges from 30 s to 10 min. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. The difference in the recommended concentrations of bleach reflects the difficulty of cleaning the interior of needles and syringes and the use of needles and syringes for parenteral injection 559. First, with sodium dichloroisocyanurate, only 50% of the total available chlorine is free (HOCl and OCl), whereas the remainder is combined (monochloroisocyanurate or dichloroisocyanurate), and as free available chlorine is used up, the latter is released to restore the equilibrium. (2020). When the SD team gets a chance for a little experimentation with alcohol, no way were passing it up. In general, engineering controls are preferred over work-practice and administrative controls because they do not require active participation by the health-care worker. Inactivation of poliovirus in 10 minutes required an 8% concentration of formalin, but all other viruses tested were inactivated with 2% formalin 72. (2011). In addition, bilirubin levels were reported to increase in phenolic-exposed infants, compared with nonphenolic-exposed infants, when the phenolic was prepared according to the manufacturers recommended dilution 740. can 160 proof rum be used as a disinfectant For example, OPA has superior mycobactericidal activity (5-log10 reduction in 5 minutes) to glutaraldehyde. WebAntiseptic and disinfectants are very useful and should be considered highly valuable by SHTF preppers. The virucidal activity of 75150 ppm available iodine was demonstrated against seven viruses 72. But not all alcohol is equal when it comes to disinfecting, even though medical professionals have used forms of alcohol to sterilize and clean for hundreds of years. The truth is, you need to use a particular kind of alcohol to truly disinfect germs that can spread infection and disease. Glutaraldehyde should not be used for cleaning noncritical surfaces because it is too toxic and expensive. Buccino N. (2020). The results of one study provided a basis for a recommendation that rinsing of instruments disinfected with OPA will require at least 250 mL of water per channel to reduce the chemical residue to a level that will not compromise patient or staff safety (<1 ppm) 708. In experiments using the AOAC Use-Dilution Method, 100 ppm of free chlorine killed 106107 S. aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, and P. aeruginosa in <10 minutes 327. FDA has cleared a glutaraldehydephenol/phenate concentrate as a high-level disinfectant that contains 1.12% glutaraldehyde with 1.93% phenol/phenate at its use concentration. Vodka is usually OPA has several potential advantages over glutaraldehyde. Data suggest the chemicals in the test strip deteriorate with time 612 and a manufacturers expiration date should be placed on the bottles. FDA updates on hand sanitizers consumers should not use. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a list of disinfectants known to be effective against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, these figures should not be extrapolated to the exposure times needed when these germicides are used on medical or surgical material 482. Glutaraldehyde is a saturated dialdehyde that has gained wide acceptance as a high-level disinfectant and chemical sterilant 107. Data are available for chlorine dioxide that support manufacturers bactericidal, fungicidal, sporicidal, tuberculocidal, and virucidal label claims 543-546. This myth was further spread when an unsigned letter from Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City was circulating on Facebook, in which the hospital claimed that drinking alcohol was effective in killing the COVID-19 virus, particularly vodka. (Tables 4 and 5). Does hand sanitizer kill the coronavirus? The sterilant, 35% peracetic acid, is diluted to 0.2% with filtered water at 50C. There is one very important piece of information that one should As with any germicide, the antimicrobial activity of superoxidized water is strongly affected by the concentration of the active ingredient (available free chlorine) 536. Why is the missionary position called that? While washing hands for 20 seconds with soap and water is always preferable, alcohol-based hand sanitizer can be a good alternative, if used properly. Hydrogen peroxide is active against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses, and spores 78, 654. However, skin staining would indicate improper handling that requires additional training and/or personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, eye and mouth protection, and fluid-resistant gowns). One manufacturer generates the disinfectant at the point of use by passing a saline solution over coated titanium electrodes at 9 amps. On top of affecting the immune system, alcohol consumption poses other health risks. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Under normal conditions, hydrogen peroxide is extremely stable when properly stored (e.g., in dark containers). Glutaraldehyde is used most commonly as a high-level disinfectant for medical equipment such as endoscopes 69, 107, 504, spirometry tubing, dialyzers 616, transducers, anesthesia and respiratory therapy equipment 617, hemodialysis proportioning and dialysate delivery systems 249, 618, and reuse of laparoscopic disposable plastic trocars 619. Phenol derivatives originate when a functional group (e.g., alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, halogen) replaces one of the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring. #3. Lets get into how well alcohol works at killing various germs, including the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Thirty minutes were required for >99.9% inactivation of poliovirus and HAV 667. How Long Does the Coronavirus Live on Different Surfaces? 16 Best Rums to Drink in Alcohol towelettes have been used for years to disinfect small surfaces such as rubber stoppers of multiple-dose medication vials or vaccine bottles. 3. Chlorine dioxide-based disinfectants are prepared fresh as required by mixing the two components (base solution [citric acid with preservatives and corrosion inhibitors] and the activator solution [sodium chlorite]). The use of powders, composed of a mixture of a chlorine-releasing agent with highly absorbent resin, for disinfecting spills of body fluids has been evaluated by laboratory tests and hospital ward trials. In the presence of organic matter, 200500 ppm is required. (2014). The actual microbicidal mechanism of chlorine might involve a combination of these factors or the effect of chlorine on critical sites 347. You might have heard isopropanol referred to as rubbing alcohol. Comparative evaluation of the microbicidal activity of low-temperature sterilization technology of carriers sterilized by various low-temperature sterilization technologies, Table 12. In 1964, Spaulding stated that alcohols were the germicide of choice for tuberculocidal activity, and they should be the standard by which all other tuberculocides are compared. Wear gloves to protect your hands, and ensure that youre working in a well-ventilated area. If your alcohol intake is around there, you are at risk for your immune system to be weakened and might want to consider cutting down, especially during this pandemic. Follow these steps to use an alcohol-based rub to sanitize your hands: Follow these guidelines to use an alcohol-based product to disinfect your home: Using soap and water is the best way to kill germs on your hands. If you dont have alcohol on hand to disinfect surfaces in your home, you can use a wide range of other products, including bleach. Ortho-phthalaldehyde is a high-level disinfectant that received FDA clearance in October 1999. Remove any dirt or debris from your hands. Once activated, these solutions have a shelf-life of minimally 14 days because of the polymerization of the glutaraldehyde molecules at alkaline pH levels. The bactericidal activity of various concentrations of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) was examined against a variety of microorganisms in exposure periods ranging from 10 seconds to 1 hour 483. Mario A. Ortega. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Other uses in healthcare include as an irrigating agent in endodontic treatment 562 and as a disinfectant for manikins, laundry, dental appliances, hydrotherapy tanks 23, 41, regulated medical waste before disposal 328, and the water distribution system in hemodialysis centers and hemodialysis machines 563. Formaldehyde is used as a disinfectant and sterilant in both its liquid and Acute or chronic exposure can result in skin irritation or dermatitis, mucous membrane irritation (eye, nose, mouth), or pulmonary symptoms 318, 635-639. 12 of the World's Strongest Liquors - Food & Wine Corneal opacification has been reported when tonometer tips were swabbed with alcohol immediately before measurement of intraocular pressure 514. massachusetts vs washington state. If engineering controls fail to maintain levels below the ceiling limit, institutions can consider the use of respirators (e.g., a half-face respirator with organic vapor cartridge 640 or a type C supplied air respirator with a full facepiece operated in a positive pressure mode) 651. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Stroh 160 Overproof Rum - the Legacy Holiday Spirit of Austria In contrast, three bloodstream infection outbreaks have been described when alcohol was used to disinfect transducer heads in an intensive-care setting 511. Isopropyl alcohol (20%) is effective in killing the cysts of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni (560) as are chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and thimerosal 496. Although this product is rapidly effective against a broad range of microorganisms 466, 726, 727, it tarnishes the metal of endoscopes and is unstable, resulting in only a 24-hour use life 727. This mechanism is supported by the observation that absolute ethyl alcohol, a dehydrating agent, is less bactericidal than mixtures of alcohol and water because proteins are denatured more quickly in the presence of water 484, 485. Dear Cecil: I think wine and beer have some microorganisms in them, but their alcohol concentration must make them sterile, right? OPA solution is a clear, pale-blue liquid with a pH of 7.5. Plus, ingesting these products poses life threatening health risks. One study found that residual glutaraldehyde levels were higher and more variable after manual disinfection (<0.2 mg/L to 159.5 mg/L) than after automatic disinfection (0.26.3 mg/L)631. Can disinfectant products be used on people? | US EPA Thats why they can be used as antiseptics in an emergency. FDA has cleared a newer chemical sterilant with 0.23% peracetic acid and 7.35% hydrogen peroxide (Tables 4 and 5). To minimize a potential health hazard to dialysis patients, the dialysis equipment must be thoroughly rinsed and tested for residual formaldehyde before use. Characteristics of an ideal low-temperature sterilization process, Table 10. Alcohols are flammable and consequently must be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area. Acidified bleach and regular bleach (5,000 ppm chlorine) can inactivate 106 Clostridium difficile spores in 10 minutes 262. If used at room temperature, a concentration of 4% with a minimum exposure of 24 hours is required to disinfect disposable hemodialyzers reused on the same patient 582, 583. Even if you are drinking alcohol with an even higher ABV, such as certain grain alcohols that can be up to 90% ABV, your blood alcohol level still won't be high enough to destroy viruses, according to Fihn. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this solution could be used as an alternative to other disinfectants or antiseptics for hand washing, skin antisepsis, room cleaning, or equipment disinfection (e.g., endoscopes, dialyzers) 400, 539, 540. Protein denaturation also is consistent with observations that alcohol destroys the dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli 486, and that ethyl alcohol increases the lag phase of Enterobacter aerogenes 487 and that the lag phase effect could be reversed by adding certain amino acids. Other bacteria, such as Enterococcus faecalis, are becoming more resistant to the effects of alcohol-based disinfectants. Although the United Kingdom manufacturer claims the solution is noncorrosive and nondamaging to endoscopes and processing equipment, one flexible endoscope manufacturer (Olympus Key-Med, United Kingdom) has voided the warranty on the endoscopes if superoxidized water is used to disinfect them 538. The antimicrobial properties of these compounds and many other phenol derivatives are much improved over those of the parent chemical. In the healthcare setting, alcohol refers to two water-soluble chemical compoundsethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcoholthat have generally underrated germicidal characteristics 482. In another study, chlorine dioxide solutions at either 600 ppm or 30 ppm killed Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare within 60 seconds after contact but contamination by organic material significantly affected the microbicidal properties535. Inglfsson HI, et al. Fighting ignorance since 1973. While there are certain types of alcohol that do have more than 60% ABV, they still won't kill germs in your body or help you fight infections. An automated machine using peracetic acid to chemically sterilize medical (e.g., endoscopes, arthroscopes), surgical, and dental instruments is used in the United States716-718. If phenolics are used to clean nursery floors, they must be diluted as recommended on the product label. Microorganisms with substantial resistance to glutaraldehyde have been reported, including some mycobacteria (M. chelonae, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, M. xenopi) 598-601, Methylobacterium mesophilicum 602, Trichosporon, fungal ascospores (e.g., Microascus cinereus, Cheatomium globosum), and Cryptosporidium271, 603. How to properly clean for novel coronavirus. The gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were slightly more resistant, being killed in 10 seconds by ethyl alcohol concentrations of 60%95%. They lose their membrane protection, dehydrate, and quickly die. For example, a 50 percent ethanol solution needs 15 minutes to kill E. coli bacteria and 45 minutes to kill strep in a cooked-meat broth, but just 20 seconds to wipe out pneumonia and strep bacteria on a glass thermometer presumably a less hospitable environment. DOI: Kratzel A, et al. Methods of sterilization and disinfection, Table 2. Vinegar can be an effective alternative to harsh cleaners. They wont help kill germs that are already inside your body. Phenol has occupied a prominent place in the field of hospital disinfection since its initial use as a germicide by Lister in his pioneering work on antiseptic surgery. Whiskey, the favored antiseptic for wounded cowboys out on the lone prairie, really is reasonably effective. rutgers.edu/news/best-ways-kill-coronavirus-your-home, cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/disinfection-methods/chemical.html, cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html, ehs.stanford.edu/reference/comparing-different-disinfectants, sites.nationalacademies.org/BasedOnScience/does-hand-sanitizer-kill-the-coronavirus/index.htm, fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-hand-sanitizers-consumers-should-not-use#products, health.state.mn.us/people/handhygiene/clean/howrub.html, umms.org/coronavirus/what-to-know/prevention-safety/protect/clean, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0915_article, epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-n-disinfectants-use-against-sars-cov-2-covid-19, cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html, Rubbing Alcohol vs. Hydrogen Peroxide for Killing Germs, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, 26 Uses for Rubbing Alcohol, Plus What You Shouldnt Use It For, How to Clean Common Surfaces During the COVID-19 Outbreak, How to Disinfect a Vehicle Interior Without Damaging Surfaces. Some bacteria are resistant to ethanol, notably the genus Clostridium, responsible for such conditions as botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus. Three brands of povidone-iodine solution have demonstrated more rapid kill (seconds to minutes) of S. aureus and M. chelonae at a 1:100 dilution than did the stock solution 683. Furthermore, OPA was effective over a 14-day use cycle 100. Why 70% alcohol is used for sterilization? [FAQ!] A potential hazard is production of the carcinogen bis(chloromethyl) ether when hypochlorite solutions contact formaldehyde 527 and the production of the animal carcinogen trihalomethane when hot water is hyperchlorinated 528. However, the biocidal activity of this disinfectant decreased substantially in the presence of organic material (e.g., 5% horse serum) 537, 549, 550. In December 1991, EPA issued an order to stop the sale of all batches of this product because of efficacy data showing the product is not effective against spores and possibly other microorganisms or inanimate objects as claimed on the label 615. Antiseptic iodophors are not suitable for use as hard-surface disinfectants because of concentration differences. Thus, in the bloodstream, ethanol will kill the person before it kills the virus," says Fihn. Apply the sanitizer to one palm. If the manufacturer of the chemical test strip recommends a quality-control procedure, users should comply with the manufacturers recommendations. However, since the thought apparently tempts you, let me clarify: when they tell you in med school that something is an urban legend, the takeaway is supposed to be DONT DO IT, SCHMUCK. can 160 proof rum be used as a disinfectant To ensure the presence of minimum effective concentration of the high-level disinfectant, manufacturers of some chemical test strips recommend the use of quality-control procedures to ensure the strips perform properly. A chlorine dioxide generator has been shown effective for decontaminating flexible endoscopes 534 but it is not currently FDA-cleared for use as a high-level disinfectant 85. They wont destroy pathogens inside your body. However, results from these same studies have varied dramatically among laboratories testing identical products. Bactericidal effectiveness and stability of hydrogen peroxide in urine has been demonstrated against a variety of health-careassociated pathogens; organisms with high cellular catalase activity (e.g., S. aureus, S. marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis) required 3060 minutes of exposure to 0.6% hydrogen peroxide for a 108 reduction in cell counts, whereas organisms with lower catalase activity (e.g., E. coli, Streptococcus species, and Pseudomonas species) required only 15 minutes exposure 657. Thus, if a user wished to have a solution containing 500 ppm of available chlorine at day 30, he or she should prepare a solution containing 1,000 ppm of chlorine at time 0. Proof In another study employing membrane filters for measurement of mycobactericidal activity of 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, complete inactivation was achieved within 20 minutes at 20C when the test inoculum was 106 M. tuberculosis per membrane 81. Getting the right concentration is important, making it potentially tricky to use commercially available beverages for disinfection their ethanol content ranges from 3 or 4 percent for light beer to 95 percent for grain alcohol. For these reasons and otherssuch as its role as a suspected human carcinogen linked to nasal cancer and lung cancer 578, this germicide is excluded from Table 1. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Seriously, you could eat dinner off Unas knees. As with other chemical sterilants, dilution of the hydrogen peroxide must be monitored by regularly testing the minimum effective concentration (i.e., 7.5%6.0%). The disinfecting efficacy of chlorine decreases with an increase in pH that parallels the conversion of undissociated HOCI to OCl 329, 526. Examples of flash steam sterilization parameters, Table 9. The ceiling level is considered too close to the glutaraldehyde meters 0.03 ppm limit of detection to provide confidence in the readings 648. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends an alcohol concentration of between 60 and 90 percent for disinfection purposes. Some of the chemical names of quaternary ammonium compounds used in healthcare are alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, alkyl didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. Studies also have demonstrated the ability of ethyl and isopropyl alcohol to inactivate the hepatitis B virus(HBV) 224, 225 and the herpes virus, 490 and ethyl alcohol to inactivate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 227, rotavirus, echovirus, and astrovirus 491. The influence of laboratory adaptation of test strains, such as P. aeruginosa, to 0.55% OPA has been evaluated. No functional damage or cosmetic changes occurred to the computer keyboards after 300 applications of the disinfectants 45. It has stable alcohol and strong spirits that means Unfortunately, the equipment required to produce the product can be expensive because parameters such as pH, current, and redox potential must be closely monitored. OPA residues remaining on inadequately water-rinsed transesophageal echo probes can stain the patients mouth 707. After testing the 7.35% hydrogen peroxide and 0.23% peracetic acid product, Olympus America concluded it was not compatible with the companys flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes; this conclusion was based on immersion studies where the test insertion tubes had failed because of swelling and loosening of the black polymer layer of the tube (Olympus America, personal communication, September 13, 2000). The use of phenolics in nurseries has been questioned because of hyperbilirubinemia in infants placed in bassinets where phenolic detergents were used 739. More shipping info Go to shop $ 34.71 $ 46.28 / 1000ml Aqueous formaldehyde solutions (1%2%) also have been used to disinfect the internal fluid pathways of dialysis machines 583. Results from manufacturers data sheets and from published scientific literature indicate that the quaternaries sold as hospital disinfectants are generally fungicidal, bactericidal, and virucidal against lipophilic (enveloped) viruses; they are not sporicidal and generally not tuberculocidal or virucidal against hydrophilic (nonenveloped) viruses14, 54-56, 58, 59, 61, 71, 73, 186, 297, 748, 749.