B., & Tracey, T. J. endstream endobj 111 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /TR /Identity >> endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 97 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 94 0 R /F2 107 0 R /F3 95 0 R /TT2 108 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 111 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 109 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 2400 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream (1990). Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall. The better the fit, the higher an individual's job satisfaction and success. xL1c\Z|Fl]o/C?n @hl.f@Bg interests, aptitudes, achievements, etc.) (SKRIPSI) Problematika dalam konseling multikultural antara konselor dengan konseli berdasar perb, LAYANAN INFORMASI PRIBADI SOSIAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN, Buku Ajar Pengembangan Pribadi Konselor.docx, SMP/MTs |Modul Pelatihan Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru BK/Konselor, MAKALAH UAS KONSEP PENGEMBANGAN PROFESI BK, contoh laporan model konseling trait and factor, MODUL DIKLAT PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI GURU BK/KONSELOR SMP/MTs, 1-modul-1-kurikulum-2013-dan-profesionalisasi-bk, BAHAN AJAR ASESMEN DAN PEMAHAMAN INDIVIDU.docx, PROCEEDING KALIJAGA CAREER GUIDANCE CONFERENCE 2018. An individual who understands themselves, their aptitudes, or abilities will improve performance. Berbagai pekerjaan memiliki perbedaan yang mendasar antara suatu pekerjaan atau jabatan tertentu dengan jabatan lainnya.c. Menarik kesimpulan logis atas dasar gambaran, pribadi individu yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis dan sintesisd. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 518524. (2008). Menurut Miller mengemukakan bahwa asumsi-asumsi yang mendasari pendekatan trait and factor meliputi:a. Perkembangan vokasional sebagian besar merupakan merupakan suatu proses kognitif, keputusan-keputusan dicapai melalui penalaran.b. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Trait-factor counseling approaches assume that career choice may be facilitated and career outcomes optimized through a fairly straightforward process of matching an individuals most relevant work-relevant characteristics (abilities, interests, values, etc.) 6EgP8L4uMFH,:(& H8 SBwcOHi:e At PD2q`WZFco>xYCE0;G^0m/8R>W7 O|/|oNX8TL3Z.KWeI00[:3usf;lmKS^$B=1)9*F ^bv*KiWv4 D.5+ Y/QDw362O.q2;2&3X How do we prepare the nations workforce (to prevent labor shortages, to be world-class, and to make firms and regions competitive? Karena secara sadar, di Sekolah Dasar tidak disediakan secara khusus guru BK. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Tindak lanjut: Pengecekan dilakukan mengenai kesesuaian keputusan-keputusan dan kebutuhan akan bantuan lanjutan. Analysis of A Conceptual Framework of John Holland's Theory Post Marxism - Modernity and Social Theory - Lecture Notes. Names of group members: Heather Ward & Meghan Tanner Attach, if applicable, diagrams of the theoretical model. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Pengantar Bimbingan dan Konseling Karir. The Holland Code: What is It and How Can You Use It to Choose a Career. Once an individual understands themselves, they must understand the opportunities/disadvantages in the workforce. Makin cocok antara sifat individu dengan sifat persyaratan kerja, maka akan produktif dan puas seseorang dengan okupasinya atau pekerjaannya. Trait and Factor Theory The trait and Factor theory was originally started by Frank Parsons to help individuals find the best job or line of work for themselves. -environmental style, the goodness of fit between a person's needs and values and the types of rewards and reinforcers offered by a particular work environment, the goodness of fit between a person's skills and abilities and the word environment's skill requirements, predicts that the level of correspondence between a person's traits & the work environment is directly related to the level of employee satisfaction and the degree to which the employee is deemed satisfactory on the job, answers the question: "what happens when a worker is dissatisfied or unsatisfactory? Prognosis 5. E.G. Para teoretikus ini mengemukakan, pentingnya kecocokan antara ciri pribadi orang dan persyaratan kerja, makin cocok, makin besar peluang, orang itu mencapai produktivitas dan memperoleh kepuasan. Williamson's "trait-and-factor" vocational counsel-ing included six stages: analysis of clinical and actu-arial information; synthesis of this information to determine strengths and. Hal ini juga didasari kekecewaan Parson yang menganggap pendidikan publik terlalu abstrak dan kutu buku dan kurang memberikan tambahan wawasan dalam membantu siswa meilih pekerjaan dan karir yang ralistis (wajar). Maksud konseling menurut Williamson adalah untuk membantu perkembangan kesempurnaan berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia, serta tugas konseling sifat dan faktor adalah membantu individu dalam memeperoleh kemajuan, memahami, dan mengelola diri dengan cara membantunya menilai kekuatan dan kelemahan diri dalam kegiatan dengan perubahan kemajuan Extensive theoretical and research work has been done on the trait theory of personality. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts." Prognosis: kemungkinan keberhasilan setiap pilihan diperiksa.e. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com Chartrand, J. M. (1991). It is not coincidental that John Holland, whose theory of vocational personalities and work environments is the most widely used trait-factor model, spent his war years conducting military classifications and later become a University of Minnesota graduate. BUKU PROFESI PENDIDIKAN DAN KEPENDIDIKAN. % From a theoretical perspective, the O*NETs model clearly draws upon Hollands theory of vocational personalities and work environments and the theory of work adjustment. 1 = Liberal, 2 = Moderate, 3 = Conservative). Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. (1974). Pola kemampuan dan potensi yang tampak pada seseorang menunjukan hubungan yang berlain-lainan dengan kemampuan dan keterampilan yang dituntut pada seorang pekerja diberbagai bidang pekerjaan.c. The trait and Factor theory was originally started by Frank Parsons to help individuals find the best job or line of work for themselves. Padang: UNP Press. Dari pemahaman teori trait and factor banyak hal yang bias dilakukan oleh seorang konselor dalam penerapannya dilapangan. Explain how the present value of an ordinary annuity interest table is converted to the present value of an annuity due interest table. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS: Every person has a unique pattern of traits made up of their interests, values . calculus - geometric model for representing the similarity/difference, difference between the highest and lowest score; the more differentiated interests are, the clearer the hierarchy of preferences, the stronger a person's sense of identity, the clearer and more stable a person's goals, interests, and talents, Self Directed Search, Strong Interest Inventory, The Career Key, a Trait Factor Theory; Dawis & Lofquist; developed in context of vocational rehabilitation; focuses on match between person and environment; two issues: satisfaction of worker AND employer Parsons proposed that once self-knowledge was coupled with knowledge about jobs, a rational decision could be made regarding the best match between the two for a given individual. Codes (career personality types) developed by Dr. John Holland based on the assumption that people can be grouped into six personality types. Secara garis besar, setidaknya ada empay langkah yang diterapkan konselor, yaitu:a. Mengenal klien, dengan data yang akurat dan lengkap sehingga data kien menjadi modal awal bagi konselor untuk melakukan proses preventif, kuratif dan diploment.b. Karena Amerika muncul sebagai negara industri memiliki kekhawatiran tentang bagaimana untuk menempatkan pekerja. Method 26-40). 5 0 obj Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Basic premise: we are attracted to a given career by our particular personality and numerous variables that constitute our background Basic Principles Know oneself: aptitudes, abilities, interests, limitations Know the job market. 1908: Frank Parsons developed the Trait and Factor theory; a three step model that served as the foundation for vocational guidance. Thus, modern trait-factor theory emphasizes the challenge of attaining a complex correspondence between one's traits and one's work environment (Dawis & Lofquist, 1984). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Frank Parsons Trait and Factor Theory. Teori Trait and factor memberikan asumsi bahwa kecocokan antara trait dengan factor akan melahirkan kesuksesan dalam suatu karir yang dilalui oleh seseorang dan begitu sebaliknya kegagalan dalam mencocokkan Trait dengan factor akan menimbulkan kegagalan dalam sebuah pekerjaan. Applying Holland's Typology to Analyze Students' Self-Selection into Science, Technology, engineering, and Mathematics Majors. The trait and factor theory operates under the premise that it is possible to measure both individual talents and the attributes required in particular jobs. achievements. [Video File]. The testing movement collided with the vocational guidance movement, and what emerged was the Trait and Factor Theory, which promoted the use of diagnostic and standardized assessments to identify individual strengths and preferences. The company's weighted-average cost of capital is 15 percent. One of the efficient theories used in career counseling is the trait-factor theory that Parsons pioneered. Holland theory of vocational types. Trait-factor counseling has been widely criticized on a number of fronts. In order to determine someone's personality this theory requires taking into consideration someone's abilities or aptitude, personal values, and occupational interests. (`q_DMKKo]'0g{ C5B$b~,;Q{2kLz-)mVM C?=oSE#%C_o=mg07ng($1$d T_tDqB&DqgeoQfwG&_3JW?&zsA?g@;wIEY,>L,PE.dY~GFvhSst($$0$.'fN8k7U_y*Ouo4g-+p^K\lLDKN&y5~[y6v6+vy XFU!ysvknuVXA{!&Z J3 Pl5y 6| mAufje[)p|bLon;yBQ}9l> ;J,&Y3f_GY8f+_JfyuR%p`W9QaT8o|ak`4(8q2mF m'uQbc (Ams{1Hu3[]K2qm7b!Chg 8~!m _gz5Rxd8pdMUdY\% PzDRDpB >_YlC4k( C\I\dEJOx.M=m$ZR@MLQ/4460iW:B'U/84dK0sl8TN:X; Eua#|bcr W:bdAu,_nIt4*. (1993). Maksud konseling menurut Williamson adalah untuk membantu perkembangan kesempurnaan berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia, serta tugas konseling sifat dan faktor adalah membantu individu dalam memeperoleh kemajuan, memahami, dan mengelola diri dengan cara membantunya menilai kekuatan dan kelemahan diri dalam kegiatan dengan perubahan kemajuan tujuan-tujuan hidup dan karir. Use Tukeys method to determine which pairs differ. Pilihan dilakukan untuk mencapai yang telah direncanankan.2. This three-part theory still governs most current practice. Would EVA more clearly show the relative contribution of the two divisions to the company as a whole? At that time he was Coordinator of SPW and Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of . In 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik. Trait Theories - Criminology - Lecture Slides, Survey Leadership Theory: Public Speaking and Trait Theories | ALED 340. Trait and Factor Theories. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/docview/1518291001?accountid=13 158 Holland, J. L. (1985).Making vocational choices: a theory of vocational personalities and work environments. Untuk pengambilan keputusan kerja Parsons mengemukakan 3 hal serangkai yaitu pribadi, pekerjaan, dan kecocokan (pribadi dengan pekerjaan). One of the greatest challenges to this approach, then and now, involves how to best define individuals and jobs. Career development and planning: A comprehensive approach (4th ed.). modul ini dapat di gunakan sebagai penunjang belajar bagi Guru BK dalam menambah wawasan materi tentang asesmen Bimbingan Konseling. Williamson was a champion of the Trait and Factor Theory and recommended applying it not only to vocational guidance, but also to normal developmental issues (Wedding & Corsini, 2014). Teori Trait and factor memberikan asumsi bahwa kecocokan antara trait dengan factor akan melahirkan kesuksesan dalam suatu karir yang dilalui oleh seseorang dan begitu sebaliknya kegagalan dalam mencocokkan Trait dengan factor akan menimbulkan kegagalan dalam sebuah pekerjaan. Konseling trait-facot berpegang pada pandangan yang sama dan menggunakan alat tes psikologis untuk menganalisis atau mendiagnosis seseorang mengenai ciri-ciri atau dimensi/aspek kepribadian tertentu yang diketahui mempunyai relevansi terhadap keberhasilan atau kegagalan seseorang dalam memangku jabatan dan mengikuti suatu program studi Williamson (WS. 0000000590 00000 n Parsons postulated that a person should . Trait-factor Frank Parsons; EG Williamson Decision Theory process by which the individual uses concepts to choose a vocational alternative that offers the best result Decision Theory Gellatt, Hendershon & Roth, Katz (SIGI), Tiedeman, O'Hara Psychological Perspective Emphasis is on one's psychological makeup and how the interaction affects choice 2009. Karena mempelajari bagaimana mengumpulkan, memahami, dan menerapkan informasi tentang diri dan dunia kerja merupakan suatu ketrampilan penting dan pokok untuk mengambil keputusan-keputusan, maka konselor harus membantu individu-individu mempempelajari ketrampilan. Williamson from the University of Minnesota is credited with further developing Trait-Factor Theory. This will help to match the right individuals to the ideal occupation/field. Factors Traits are relatively stable and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. 0000002116 00000 n Copyright 2023 Ladybird Srl - Via Leonardo da Vinci 16, 10126, Torino, Italy - VAT 10816460017 - All rights reserved, Sign up to Docsity to download documents and test yourself with our Quizzes, Parsons Sociological Theory - Contemporary Social Thought - Exam, Trait Approach to Personality Personological Trait Theory, Raymond Cattells Factor- Analytic Trait Theory, McCare and Costa Five Factor Trait Theory, Trait Theory and Hierarchy of Traits - Slides | PSYC 2400, Foundations of Trait Theory - Criminology | CJ 220. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Three principles make up this theory: individuals fit into 6 types that represent distinct interests and values environments can be divided into six categories that are similar to the types that describe people people seek out . This data was then used to advise people about occupations for which they were best suited. During this decade, Edmund G. Williamson was appointed director of the University of Minnesota Testing Bureau (now the University of Minnesota Counseling and Consulting Center). Initially, advances in psychometrics allowed the development of instruments to operationalize trait-factor concepts. Williamson from the University of Minnesota is credited with further developing "Trait-Factor Theory". PRAKATA Buku ini kami susun bertujuan memenuhi kebutuhan literatur para mahasiswa program kependidikan di semua Fakultas di lingkungan Universitas Negeri Semarang yang menempuh mata kuliah Bimbingan dan Konseling. consistency - degree of relatedness Williamson was a prominent advocate of trait- and-factor counseling. Dalam konseling yang lebih tahu tentang diri klien adalah klien itu sendiri, tugas dari konselor adalah menemukan potensi diri yang dimiliki klien dan melahirkan kemandirian yang sesungguhanya, sementara dalam konseling trait and factor ini sebaliknya. In part this is due to the scientific rigor that was devoted to developing both instrumentation and occupational classification systems. Using trait-and-factory inventories will help to determine the strength of these traits and then help match the individual with the ideal situation. The Trait-and-Factor Theory focuses on identifying an individuals characteristics and factoring these traits into informed occupation decisions. Klien akan lebih puas apabila mendapatkan karir sesuai dengan analisis sifat dan factor. The term "factor" refers to the level of efficiency required for professional achievement. Trait-and Factor theory has been one of the most enduring theories of career counseling. Career development theories. Using trait-and-factory inventories will help to determine the strength of these traits and then help match the individual with the ideal situation. Chen, P. D., & Simpson, P. A. ?0GhSGKvN[g?G{Ufht({7)={1| HSdui~[OD9_,#5dZND>a/,{d2?% ?5G-q#YY|X}2M]Kk-M`crUV}_h_}1uW9"O`~lTU hogLQb\LhT`;5`lcR gY?8Rq>DRpa$vaf4i)es//~{UZ^;a9qNM:-l,$ D#,svDF, 2018). Does Personality Matter? Synthesis 3. John Holland's six personality and six work environments career typology Hexagon shape that includes 6 personality types/work environments 1.) Individu perlu dibantu memperoleh pemahaman akan kekuatan dan kelemahan dirinya, pemahaman yang lengkap mengenai syarat-syarat untuk berhasil dalam suatu pekerjaan, dan berdasarkan informasi dan pemahaman itu akan menerapkan penalaran yang benar dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. This straightforward approach to counseling contained six sequential steps: 1. Paterson, J.G. The Vocational Identity Scale: A diagnostic and treatment tool. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdQoMBujjxM Theory Notes WF ED 560, Spring 2016 Pope, Mark (2000). Using trait-and-factory inventories will help to determine the strength of these traits and then help match the individual with the ideal situation. x[msH*[h^`\*Ndlrr[W%YV@_`dI^xSe"/_*.3uOn"*+K|y Q80 $8M~'wpNY@&8ha,Jx5Y>{x#d _O{>.m,)7j!k>d?RO?^Z#-FWp} \+_y*qbUn{. Applying the Theory to Culturally Diverse Populations. Retrieved from http://careerplanning.about.com/od/selfassessment/a/holland-code.htm Wong, W. (2014, May 18). American Psychologist, 51(4), 397. The Trait-Factor theory of career development goes as far back as the early 1900 s and is associated mostly strongly with vocational theorists Frank Parsons and E.G. iii . Teori ini menggunakan penekatan pemahaman diri berdasarkan testing psikologi terkait pilihan pekerjaan (Winkel & Hastuti, 2013) Awal kelahiran Trait dan factor Theory berasal dari seseorang bernama Frank Parsons yang membuka Biro Kejuruan di Boston untuk membantu pemuda dalam memilih dan memasuki suatu pekerjaan. The Trait and Factor Theory is used . bjtjrignj seijenjs pjrsenfagty t`gs t`jery, rjqugrjs tfmgnd gnte kensgbjrftgen seijenjs, fhgagtgjs er fptgtubj, pjrsenfa vfaujs, fnb, Do not sell or share my personal information. I/"WX Interactive version of the IIP RIASEC Markers Scales. Klien mendapatkan berbagai tawaran terhadap pilihan pekerjaan, kepuasan karir, dan solusi terhadap berbagai persoalan yang dihadapinya.d. This straightforward approach to counseling contained six sequential steps: 1. Dari berbagai keunggulan dalm kelemahan yang dimiliki oleh teori trait and factor, sebagai konselor disekolah maupun diluar sekolah, tentu memiliki sikap dalam penerapan konseling dilapangan, diantara sikap seorang konselor dalam bekerja semestinya melihat dan memahami situasi dan kondisi yang ada, artinya satu teori untuk satu persoalan mungkin cocok dan amat tepat sekali, akan tetapi untuk persoalan yang lain mungkin tidak pas. ?L7odRhhlN3u1Tjre>Wu This theory was known as the Minnesota Point of View or trait and factor theory. First, examine the personality traits of the person whose career is being planned. Williamson's election to the presidency of ACPA was made at the first Business session at the Atlantic City convention on Thursday, February 20, 1941, nearly ten months before the outbreak of World War II. 2nd ed. with information regarding job activities, demands, rewards, and availability. Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 518-524. Roe's personality theory. Study with the several resources on Docsity, Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity, The best documents sold by students who completed their studies, Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students, Earn 20 points for each uploaded document and more additional points based on the downloads get, Get download points for each document you share, Help other students and earn 5 points for each answered question, Earn Premium Points for no-holds-barred downloads of shared documents and Store documents, Connect with the world's best universities and choose your course of study, Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts, Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users, Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors. Hal yang mendasar bagi konseling sifat dan faktor adalah asumsi bahwa individu berusaha untuk menggunakan pemahaman diri dan pengetahuan kecakapan dirinya sebagai dasar bagi pengembangan potensinya. endobj 0000001608 00000 n Trait-factor's heyday was in the 1940s, when it was put to maximum use in the . Salahsatu dasar dalam pengambilan keputusan karir adalah teori Trait and Factor. &,=^#lKEoK13W" } vH\P`fgo)9C%F Y{ 0`h7ej -skill and ability requirements Chartrand, J. M. (1991). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. The evolution of trait-and-factor career counseling: A person X environment fit approach. Penentuan kecocokan atau ketidak cocokan antara data tentang tuntutan programn studi dan data tentang individu lebih dapat diandalkan dari pada hanya perkiraan kecocokan atas dasar pandangan pribadi tentang diri sendiri dan sekedar kesan tuntutan program studid. The trait and factor theory operates under the premise: 1 It is possible to measure both individual talents and the attributes required in particular jobs. Kemungkinan tingkat keberhasilan dan kesuksesan dalam mengeluti karir akan lebih tinggi. Traid factor dimaksudkan agar individu mengalami : (1) klarifikasi diri, (2) pemahaman diri, (3) penerimaan diri, (4) pengarahan diri, (5) aktualisasi diri. 0000000754 00000 n The Effects of Trait-factor Theory Based Career Counseling Sessions on the Levels of Career Maturity and Indecision of High School Students August 2016 DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2016.040813 Hb```f``"Y(=~.Y{I "o-~_(?sr.{+NPn:%C)CKK"$PnH `0z:*#$8D@ HWr}W)R"@$DJaYT7 n7*/ON.(h}KGdp9fA\ @'w`OANNL 63|?~zal8h|zx~Ee4zy0//-.Ox?C]F o1X$h-VEr^Yx>|zM${IM8x|zl8Mx;2^sa-#o2&d9TbNw|8eLc+cf,;fo?-+ZfBik,[{MD~]&7_y]*Vv?!pm*:o:ZjoFMVh%J%\k[fj&_{96K+ |b3WJ9E\JpmJi}>Tp^S|NREpo6"C]73&rz 0|3}S3eQ.ylC $g a. Traits are measurable in aptitude, achievement, personality and interests. Diagnosis 4. In general, these parameters are not crisp and hence we get an uncertain neutron diffusion equation. The guidance counselors were charged with identifying and tracking talented youth into science and mathematics. Many of the assessment devices (e.g., Minnesota Importance Questionnaire and Strong Interest Inventory) developed within this framework continue to enjoy widespread usage. % ", flexibility, activeness, reactiveness, perseverance, Chapter 13 Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Key terms/vocabulary: Traits, Characteristics, career guidance, person x environment, occupations, abilities, aptitudes Key Theorist(s): >Frank Parsons > E.G. The counseling process for this approach typically starts with a client interview, then proceeds to extensive psychometric assessment of the clients work-relevant characteristics, and is finalized with an interpretation of assessment results with connections being drawn between these results and one or more occupational classification systems. Judul yang sama dengan mata kuliahnya yang kami pakai pada buku ini menyarankan berbagai kajian tentang materi seperti: konsep dasar bimbingan dan konseling berikut urgensinya di sekolah; pengetahuan wawasan bimbingan dan konseling yang mencakup tujuan, fungsi, asas, prinsip serta orientasi bimbingan dan konseling. Parsons formed the theory of trait and character theory in the year 1908. Psychology of Leadership Theories: Traits, Frankenstein Philosophers Tabula Rasa Theory. Show the computations. thru objective measures (psychological tests) and then makes comparisons to factors required for successful performance in a given career area E. G. Williamson suggested that career-counseling clients as usually presenting with: no choice Secara bahasa trait dapat diartikan dengan sifat, karakteristik seorang individu. Sintesis: Merangkum, menggolongkan dan menghubungkan data yang diperoleh sehingga memperoleh gambaran tentang kelemahan dan kelebihan individu.c. Another major criticism of trait-factor counseling takes aim at the foundational assumption that given good information, individuals will make rational decisions.
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