Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. Strange Campaigns: program work that aims to increase public awareness of and support to end the use of Animals in research or to change societal or institutional practices regarding general or specific Anti-Vivisection issues.education: program work that aims to educate and support students at all levels of public or private education and professional training regarding the use of alternatives to classroom animal use or to change educational institutional practices regarding the harmful use of Animals in education.grants/awards: program work that supports collaboration with like minded individuals and organizations. [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". The physiological response to stress can differentially affect the animals reaction to a given experimental intervention (Capitanio 2017). ART, however, does not completely eliminate HIV from the body; a reservoir of the virus can be reactivated if drug therapy is stopped. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. Cox New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. Chimpanzees are the only animal model that can be used to test strategies for prevention or amelioration of Hepatis B and C and are the most useful model for Hepatitis A. , Suemizu H, Shimada A, Hanazawa K, Oiwa R, Kamioka M, Tomioka I, Sotomaru Y, Hirakawa R, Eto T, Shiozawa S, Maeda T, Ito M, Ito R, Kito C, Yagahashi C, Kawai K, Miyoshi H, Tanioka Y, Tamaoki N, Habu S, Okano H, Nomura T. SCHEER (Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks) 3 0 obj Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. , Emborg ME. $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies. Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. A major challenge for the research community is to find means to communicate with the public and the US Congress and executive branch more clearly and decisively regarding the importance of the animal-based investigations that are the current basis of translational research. [32][33][34][35][36], NEAVS also lobbied Congress in support of the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA), first introduced in 2008 and again in 2011. CG This issue of the journal includes a review of procedures for environmental enrichment, which helps assure animal health and wellbeing. 3m{ Fn\W`IHsY)rr2Z:rBH#p7L 4`60Is!ccaFeA3ja |Q&0_F %5@ob-r0S3t\+bs3f;J5dygzzStp}|vhF. Lanford As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. CROs may both breed and import animals, where importation is possible. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. Ogden endobj 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. This is a major goal of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their partners efforts to develop a vaccine with sufficient efficacy, as discussed in the NIH Office of AIDS Research Strategic Plan for fiscal year 2018 (Office of AIDS Research 2017). 1 0 obj Takibana Annual membership fee of $35 is due by April 30 of each year. As discussed by Hewitt et al. The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). A further feature of the process of translation is that it is often cyclical. %PDF-1.5 endobj WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). NHPs have been critical animal models for development of all current approaches aimed at halting the AIDS epidemic in humans, including developing anti-retroviral therapies, decreasing maternal-fetal transmission of HIV, testing microbicides, and designing more effective strategies for development of efficacious AIDS vaccines. <> Parallel and coordinated use of whole animals with development of alternative technologies provides an opportunity to validate or abandon alternatives and to enlarge the suite of tools that can be applied to a given translational problem. [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. A highly accurate and comprehensive genome sequence is important for the optimal use of any animal model for translational studies. [25] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[26][27] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection. I dedicate this paper to the memory of Dr. Andrew Lackner: scientist, mentor, and great champion of translational research using NHPs. [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. Large nonprofit NHP centers in the United States include the seven US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs, https://www.nprcresearch.org) and other facilities, such as the New Iberia Research Center (http://nirc.louisiana.edu/), The Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html), the Caribbean Primate Research Center (http://cprc.rcm.upr.edu/), and the Wake Forest University Primate Center (http://www.wakehealth.edu/ccmr/). McGinley Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. Technologies to modify the genomes of rodents have formed the basis of developing many disease models, particularly in the laboratory mouse. M Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, [3], When Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization. 1-4, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, "Amory eulogized for wit, work for animal rights", "Making Burros Fly: Cleveland Amory, Animal Rescue Pioneer", "ICCVAM Summary Review Document: The Low Volume Eye Test", "Fido Goes to the lab: Amending the Animal Welfare Act to Require Animal Rescue Facilities to Disclose Pound Seizure Practices to Pet Owners", "Toxicology Testing Called into Question", "Comparison of Alternatives Offered by Veterinary Schools", "Students Can Voice Their Choice in Massachusetts", "Ed commissioner pushes for dissection alternatives", "Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: Policy on Dissection and Dissection Alternatives Activities", "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps", "Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories (Project R&R)", "A Review of Autopsy Reports on Chimpanzees in or from U.S. Laboratories", "Lessons from Chimpanzee-Based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences", "An Assessment of the Use of Chimpanzees in Hepatitis C Research Past, Present and Future (Part 1): Validity of the Chimpanzee Model", "An Examination of Chimpanzee Use in Human Cancer Research", "An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research", "The Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act", "Petition Before the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior", "U.S. Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." 2015). WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program The USA is the only significant user of chimpanzees in biomedical research in the world, since many However, this is often done with limited success, because many human diseases do not naturally occur in the animals used. Funding agencies, in collaboration with investigators, may need to find mechanisms to increase support for NHP-related investigations that require larger numbers of certain types of animals, such as females. 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. "[1], The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. 2016; SCHEER, 2017). In these 3 Rs alternative successful approaches to testing consumer products have been created. [2], In 1890 George Angell and the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA) held an essay contest entitled "Why I Am Against Vivisection". 2011). , Gautam A. Xue , Kievit P, Bremer AA, Comuzzie AC. Want updates when NEAVS has new information, or want to find more organizations like Rise for Animals (NEAVS)? Local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must approve any procedure at a given institution utilizing laboratory animals, including NHPs (Tardif et al. Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. endobj WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and JCI [37][38], In 2010 NEAVS, along with other animal protection organizations, petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to review a policy listing chimpanzees as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act when found in the wild and "threatened" when in captivity. F The Author(s) 2017. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases. E , Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere G, Comuzzie A, VandeBerg J. Cyranoski They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. Olsson . . 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. These authors discuss many aspects of preclinical studies using NHPs, including the necessity for having the proper containment facilities, and the ability to study the effects of co-morbidities such as infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (leading potentially to simian AIDS), long-term exposure to alcohol, and diabetes. WebThe National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501 (c) (6), located in Washington, DC. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. AS She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. D A . Trewyn, P.S. 2017) and the mandate by a small number of US Congress members in 2016 for the NIH to review its policies on the oversight of NHP research (Grimm 2016; see the NIH final report at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, which reaffirmed the importance of NHP research). x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. These experiments cause even greater suffering, high death rates, and other negative health consequences for the millions of animals used. Cox 2016, 2017; Cornish et al. Fogelson, K.B. [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. Grants from foundations and other nonprofits. Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. [46], NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). Our many thanks to the corporate sponsors of our conferences: An independent non-profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, Copyright 2023 Northern New England Vascular Society. , Raveendran M, Harris RA, Fawcett GL, Liu X, White S, Dahdouli M, Rio Deiros D, Below JE, Salerno W, Cos L, Fan G, Ferguson B, Horvath J, Johnson Z, Kanthaswamy S, Kubisch HM, Liu D, Platt M, Smith DG, Sun B, Vallender EJ, Wang F, Wiseman RW, Chen R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Yu F, Rogers J. Zubari Natural differences in physiology, metabolism, and anatomy between humans and other animals lead to very different reactions to various stimuli. IA Welcome to the Neeves Lab at University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus. , Gibbs RM, Norgren RBJr. Please support our vital campaigns and outreach programs. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. In these cases, NHPs must be the primary, and perhaps only, animal model relevant to translation. JE 2009). The Secure Remote Viewer (SRV) They emphasize advantages of NHP preclinical models relative to other animals, particularly rodents. NHPs are often used in conjunction with other animal models, such as rodents, and results obtained using NHPs must often be used as the final criterion for establishing the potential efficacy of a pharmaceutical or vaccine before transition to human clinical trails. L I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. Neeves. Z In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. 2016), using small numbers of females. ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education. WebThe NIH announces an end to funding biomedical research on chimpanzees and that all federally-owned chimpanzees are eligible for retirement to sanctuary, 2015. Project R&R successfully led the charge to end the use of chimpanzees in U.S. biomedical research and testing. , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Prinz Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). Havel [47], NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. WebAs previously reported by NABR, the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) has drastically increased its FOIA use by hundreds of requests per month. As stated by Capitanio (2017), A model is, by definition, a simplified representation of a phenomenon, and the very process of simplification means that some of the complex reality is lost. Furthermore, use of NHPs versus other models such as rodents is complicated by the many human-like characteristics of NHPs, leading to questions from researchers, stakeholders, and the public about their use for research. Monroe, A.L. G M [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. Sasaki The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park For general information submit a message through our CONTACT FORM. WebThe Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Biomedical and Agricultural Research by Karen Davis, PhD, President of United Poultry Concerns, was graciously funded by the WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. , Schlange T, Asadullah K. Reardon Michael Mustari reviews the use of NHP models aimed at understanding the causes of and ameliorating conditions that lead to blindness or lack of visual acuity in humans, including problems of eye alignment (strabismus), lazy eye (amblyopia), unsteady gaze (nystagmus), and defective eye movements. (2014), and Van Rompay (2017). Proper husbandry of NHPs that reduces stress and maintains animal health is critical for the development of NHP models. Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. . Neeves, D.M. This issue of the ILAR journal brings together, in one place, articles that discuss the use of NHP models for studying human diseases that are highly prevalent and that cause extraordinary human suffering and financial and social burdens. In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. Highlights of those programs include campaigning to end the use in research of the first nonhuman species, chimpanzees human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog labs at the first veterinary school in the country, a curriculum shift later followed by other schools; and, most recently, reaching out to and incorporating other social movements into the animal protection movement. These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. [49], The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) is NEAVS' sister organization. , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin , Johnson Z, Trask JS, Smith DG, Ramakrishnan R, Bahk G, Ng J, Wiseman R, Kubisch HM, Vallender EJ, Rogers J, Ferguson B. Ke (2015), Phillips et al. This report contains brief comments on some aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research and concludes: The NIH remains confident that the oversight framework for the use of nonhuman primates in research is robust and has provided sufficient protections to date. A more detailed report published by the Scientific Committee on Health, the Environment and Emerging Risks of the European Union (The SCHEER Report) discusses the same conclusion from the European perspective, and, in addition, provides information about several aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research (SCHEER 2017). This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Topics covered in detail include: tuberculosis; viral hepatitis; HIV/AIDS; neurodegenerative disorders; Substance abuse disorders; vision and prevention of blindness; disorder associated with psychosocial processes, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness; cardiovascular disease; metabolic disease, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome; respiratory disease; and female reproduction, prenatal development and women's health. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research.
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