1980;46(8):185562. Microscopically, the lesion showed proliferation of the well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, forming endophytic complex branching networks interconnected with multiple deep keratin-filled clefts and crypts. A, This lesion demonstrates verruciform acanthosis and marked hyperkeratosis. Rapidly progressive squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Histologic distinction between condyloma acuminatum and various benign and malignant condyloma-like lesions in the anogenital area poses a common diagnostic challenge to pathologists across subspecialties. J Periodontol. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. In-situ means the skin cancer it is an early forming skin cancer and is limited to the upper layers of the skin. Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials. Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous, "An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture", "The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes", "Defining the Genetic Basis of PlantEndophytic Bacteria Interactions", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes", "Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root", "A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review", "Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review", "In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension", "Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites", "Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia", "An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes", "Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis", "Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice", "Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T", "Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense", "Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles", "Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future", "Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review", "Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products", "Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials", "Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils? Prevalence of oral lesions in relation to habits: cross-sectional study in South India. Hypertrophic Lichen Planus with Histological WebEndophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. [31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, SPECIAL SECTIONESSENTIAL DERMATOPATHOLOGY FOR THE GENERAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST, PART I, GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (BUSCHKE-LWENSTEIN TUMOR), WARTY/WARTY-BASALOID HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA, Molecular Profiling of Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum Reveals, Transcription Factor Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Adenoma, Using Pathology Synoptic Reporting Data to Create Individual Dashboards for Pathologists and Surgeons, TRPS1 and GATA3 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma With Apocrine Differentiation, Navigating Practice Issues Related to the Unsatisfactory Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou Test: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the 2020 College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program, Updated Salivary Gland Immunohistochemistry: A Review, The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology, The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies Surrounding the Time of Pandemic Onset: A Retrospective Review of Cases, MicroRed Blood Cell, Fragmented Red Blood Cell, Platelet Distribution Width, Mean Platelet Volume, and PlateletLarge Cell Ratio on Sysmex XN Series Hematology Analyzers Can Be Used for the Reflex Test of Impedance Platelet Count in Clinical Practice. J Oral Pathol Med. Epub 2011 Feb 22. There is no evidence of koilocytosis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). Saraswathi TR, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, et al. Epidermolytic acanthoma can present as solitary or multiple (disseminated) lesions on the trunk, extremities, or genitalia. Endophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. This endophytic type has neither invasive nor compressive growth into surrounding tissues. Giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma used to be considered synonymous, but accumulating evidence supports that these are distinct entities with different pathogenetic pathways. eCollection 2019 Dec. Histopathologic features of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the lower extremity. While the basaloid subtype rarely mimics condyloma acuminatum, it shares overlapping features with the warty-basaloid subtype, which has a condyloma-like, verruciform silhouette (Figure 4, C).37 The epithelium is basaloid due to a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromasia (Figure 4, C; inset). The papillae contain prominent fibrovascular cores and lack significant hyperkeratosis, imparting a relatively soft appearance. 1.7 ). Template:Squamous-cell like skin proliferations - Patholines FOIA [52][53], A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to Nigrograna mackinnonii which was isolated from a stem of the plant Guazuma ulmifolia collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of volatile organic compounds including terpenes and odd chain polyenes. These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. 2012;17(6):e93542. TP53; atypical squamous nodule; keratoacanthoma; p53; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous proliferation. Although VV (common wart) usually occurs on extragenital skin, it can occasionally arise in the anogenital area and may result in diagnostic confusion with condyloma acuminatum. Characterized by complex, confluent, back to back glandular proliferation, while oncocytic papilloma has a simple exophytic or endophytic growth pattern without architectural complexity High grade tumors may show marked nuclear atypia Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma: Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a spectrum disorder of the oral mucosa that shows characteristic, focal when early, adherent multifocal and Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Lester D. R. Thompson. Architectural Alterations in Oral Epithelial Krishnan L, Karpagaselvi K, Kumarswamy J, et al. Correspondence to The most comprehensive study reported 35 cases of penile papillary SCC, most of which occurred on the glans with or without involvement of the coronal sulcus and foreskin.51 The tumors form white-grey, irregular masses with serrated surfaces. Mod Pathol. [39] An example of this would be Colletotrichum fioriniae, which is an endophyte of many temperate broadleaved trees and shrubs, but can also be a pathogen on many fruits and some leaves.[40][41]. J Oral Pathol Med. Verrucous Carcinoma: Diagnosis, Treatment, Symptoms Woo SB, Lin D. Morsicatio mucosae orisa chronic oral frictional keratosis, not a leukoplakia. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. frisingense. It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of biofuel. In a series of 108 cases, it was concluded that a background of maturing keratinocytes and sparing of the follicular epithelium could distinguish bowenoid papulosis from basaloid HSIL.53 Another morphometric analysis showed significantly larger and more irregular nuclei in basaloid HSIL compared to bowenoid papulosis.64 In practice, however, the histopathologic differences are often subtle, and definitive diagnosis relies heavily on stringent clinical correlation: Presence of multiple small pigmented papules in a young adult, as opposed to a solitary, slowly progressive plaque or erythematous patch in an older patient, would support a diagnosis of bowenoid papulosis over basaloid HSIL.53,60, High-risk HPV in bowenoid papulosis can be detected by in situ hybridization or PCR-DNA sequencing.6567 Expression of both p16 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immunohistochemistry is associated with high-risk HPV infection and has been demonstrated in bowenoid papulosis.67 Diffuse p16 expression is especially helpful in differentiating occasional cases of bowenoid papulosis with more orderly maturation, subtle cytologic atypia, and koilocyte-like cells from condyloma acuminatum (Figure 6, B).18. Keratosis of unknown significance and leukoplakia: a preliminary study. Connolly M, Narayan S, Oxley J, de Berker DA. Br J Dermatol. [24] Specifically, H. frisingense was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth. Seborrheic keratoses that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata, MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, P16/CDKN2A and Ki-67 enhance the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma and correlate with human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction, Expression of p16 protein in lesional and perilesional condyloma acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: clinical significance and diagnostic implications, Detecting HPV in cutaneous lesions using anti-HPV antibody immunohistochemistry, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature, Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases, Giant condyloma acuminata of the inguinal region, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the scrotum, bilateral groins, and suprapubic region: a treatment and reconstruction challenge, Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma, Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke-Lwenstein tumour), Rapidly invasive Buschke-Lwenstein tumor associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 52, Giant condyloma versus verrucous carcinoma: a case report, Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity. DEVIL is a rare form of squamous proliferation characterized by prevalent PIK3CA and HRAS mutations. Indole diterpenes, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae. 2011;69(5):136774. Inter- and intra-observer variability in diagnosis of oral dysplasia. Histopathologic examination confirms an exophytic papillomatous lesion. Fleiss JL. PubMed Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. The latter refers to well-differentiated SCC with a papillary architecture. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. Figure 4Warty and warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and squamous cell carcinoma. [8] Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease,[9] water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. No external funding was obtained for this study, with support from institutional review boards and the sponsoring societies. A long-term study of thirty patients. A retrospective 20-year analysis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to malignancy and association with high-risk human papillomavirus. A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed. van der Meij EH, Reibel J, Slootweg PJ, et al. Mller S. Oral lichenoid lesions: distinguishing the benign from the deadly. Correct diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like lesions has important clinical implication and entails familiarization with their clinical presentations and histopathologic features. B, The lesion is diffusely positive for p16 (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 200 [A, inset]; original magnification 100 [B]). 2006;17(3):1215. Chi AC, Lambert PR 3rd, Pan Y, et al. [42], Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a polyphyletic group of organisms. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a plasmid called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the Burkholderia genus known as G4 which can break down trichloroethylene (TCE) was transferred to endophytes of popular trees; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. Unlike lesions infected with high-risk HPV, which are diffusely and strongly positive for p16, condylomas display negative, focal, or patchy staining (Figure 1, D).17,18 When necessary, testing for low-risk HPV (types 6 and 11) by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry may also aid in diagnosis.19, Giant condyloma acuminatum is a large, fungating, and locally destructive form of condyloma acuminatum. PubMed [11] Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. [55], Two strains of the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest polyurethane plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in anaerobic conditions, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to jasmonate and ethylene production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. Akrish S, Eskander-Hashoul L, Rachmiel A, Ben-Izhak O. Clinicopathologic analysis of verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma as part of the clinicopathologic spectrum of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a literature review and analysis. Mitoses are rare and confined to the basal layer.25 A band of lymphocytic infiltrate is usually found at the base of the tumor (Figure 3, A). Oral carcinoma cuniculatum: an unacquainted entity with Vulvar seborrheic keratosis: is there a relationship to human papillomavirus? [5], Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood. 2019;13(1):1624. A common diagnostic quandary is regarding anogenital seborrheic keratosis (SK)like lesions without identifiable koilocytes (Figure 1, C). Women with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the legs have a striking clinical phenotype. The papillae have pointed tips and fibrovascular cores housing capillaries near the surface (Figure 7, B), which are prone to thrombosis and infarction. Class 2 endophytes can grow in plant tissues both above and below ground. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the Cases were re-evaluated during a consensus conference with 19 members reporting on the cases. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes ergoline alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. 2008;58(1):1517. [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. Clinically, these are solitary or coalescent skin-colored papules with a papillomatous surface. The tumor cells display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses (inset). [20] Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of auxin to where the endophyte is. PubMed [2] Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Bchamp. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;118(6):71324. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. [70], Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. volume15,pages 572587 (2021)Cite this article. ", "Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria", "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly", "Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte", "Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization", "University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses", "The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)", "Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072", "Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H", "Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi", "Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp", "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls", "Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms", "Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum", "Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin", "Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range", "Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes", "Do grasses fight back? Case 2. [59] Several isolates from the ascomycota Pestalotiopsis sp. Figure 2Giant condyloma acuminatum. The digital images were then reviewed in two surveys separated by a washout period of at least 90 days. These interaction range from pathogenic to symbiotic and symptomatic to asymptomatic. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. J Oral Pathol Med. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. Microscopically, the squamous papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, lined by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium with overlying hyperkeratosis (Figure 5, A). Patients typically present with multiple red-brown or violaceous papules on penile or vulvar skin, although any anogenital sites may be affected. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. The large tumor mass compresses but does not infiltrate normal structures. Cerero-Lapiedra R, Balade-Martinez D, Moreno-Lopez LA, Esparza-Gomez G, Bagan JV. 2009 Aug;26(3):150-63. doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2009.09.003. These findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might be more akin to keratoacanthoma than SCC or might represent a reactive phenomenon. [43], Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. The following month, the patient was noted to have a fluctuant nodule on the right side of his parietal scalp (Fig 1, B).A shave biopsy of the lesion revealed florid Verrucous Carcinoma Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. The papules have a median diameter of 0.7 cm according to one study and may be flat-topped or slightly verruciform, commonly mistaken for condyloma acuminatum on clinical examination.5254 Most patients are young adults in the third and fourth decades of life.53,54 Similar to HSIL, bowenoid papulosis is associated with high-risk HPV, particularly HPV 16.53,55 However, as progression to invasive SCC is exceptional, treatment options often include simple excision as well as local destructive modalities such as imiquimod and photodynamic therapy, although recurrence is common.53,5660 A small percentage of cases may regress spontaneously.53 A DNA ploidy study showed an intermediate malignancy grade between that of Bowen disease and SK, suggesting it to be a low-grade SCC in situ.61 Patients with bowenoid papulosis are at increased risk of developing external anogenital SCC and cervical neoplasia, and therefore warrant clinical surveillance on a regular basis.62,63, The histopathologic features of bowenoid papulosis overlap significantly with those of basaloid HSIL (Bowen disease).52 The lesions are acanthotic and may appear psoriasiform or slightly verruciform (Figure 6, A).
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