It is calculated by dividing the number of people increasing the number of persons who are classified as abnormal iv. Total number of deaths from roller-skating: 90 -Concentration of racial or ethnic groups within an area In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than Which source of bias may have affected the study? Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: Question 12. - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive populations (older adults and those with underlying health conditions) are more Write code that displays an input dialog asking the user to enter his or her age. Substantial international variation in rates of disease are most likely explained by: Differences in climate, cultural factors, and national dietary habits. Cyclical variation in the annual incidence rates (per 100,000 persons per year). 2. possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease. Epidemiology can be traced back to 400 BC with Hippocrates' work, On Airs, Waters, -the interviewer doesn't ask the questions that he or she is instructed to ask, or asks them incorrectly. A and B False John Snow is credited with developing the smallpox vaccination. CS- rise in case of an infection occurs after a group of ppl who all came into contact with the same source of infection ex: cholera pump Before concluding that the surgeons at Hospital B have vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounders would you examine? The epidemiology of COVID-19 is The population etiologic fraction of disease due to smoking is: 0.83 for lung cancer and 0.18 for coronary thrombosis. Chapter 2 describes "transitions"- what are the two major types of transitions and was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. with the disease by the total population at risk. The inference that in this age group men and women have an equal risk of getting coronary heart disease is incorrect because the data are prevalence data and not incidence data. True or False? T he starting point of the one-year follow-up at both hospitals (after operation versus after discharge) 3. Wade Hampton Frost advocated for quantitative data methods Prevalence is the 2019 in China. (You may True or False? certain diseases increases with age, such as cancer. On the basis of the relative risk and etiologic fractions associated with smoking for lung cancer and coronary thrombosis, which of the following statements is most likely to be correct? The 1918 Influenza or Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as "the Mother of All Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1. particularly for chronic disease: The fundamental tool for etiologic studies of both acute and chronic diseases: The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Answer both A and B Question 6 John Snow, author of Snow on Cholera: Answer Question 7 In the Yearly Mortality Bill for 1632, consumption referred to: Answer Question 8 An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Choose the incorrect answer. example. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. True or False? the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza and the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.. long-term changes in mortality trends.. seasonal variations in cases of influenza.B C D Using epidemiology for operational research involves: True or False? Seasonal variations True or False: Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. Different races have different rates of disease and risk factors. Describe what is known about COVID-19 epidemiology. Therapeutic trials life. obesity. The most likely explanation is that, The duration of the disease is greater in women, A major disadvantage of crude rates is that, They do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)? What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence. External validity of the data. overreferral of persons without disease for diagnosis iii. The term health disparities refers to differences in health characteristics (e.g., mortality and burden of disease) that exist among specific U.S. population groups. Identify at least three major historical developments and three major historical Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: Theorized to be both a selective and a protective factor, Which of the following is not one of the four criteria for the utility of, The best routinely available sources of data regarding the incidence of respiratory disease outbreaks and other rapidly spreading conditions are, Reports of absenteeism from work and school, Data on morbidity in the U.S. armed forces include, 1. Sexually transmitted diseases, influenza, and acute respiratory infections are examples of conditions transmitted directly (person-to-person). Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1. True or False? Prevalence is the proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular disease Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, -Epidemic- classified as attacking many p, -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a wor, Identify at least three major historical d, figures and their contributions to the fiel, Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. diagnosed with breast cancer than men. C. long-term changes in mortality trends. The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic. Foods served at the luncheon included home-canned olives, chicken salad, homemade flavored drink mix, freshly baked rolls, and raw vegetables. Give an example of each. Beach City has a rising population of 50,000 robust, fertile males and 50, T he person has had symptoms and has had medical attention but does not know the name of the disease, Which of the following is not a method for controlling the effects of confounding in epidemiologic studies. susceptible to contracting the disease. population over a specified time period. incidence of the disease and the duration of the illness. both A and B Smallpox, a disease that impacted Europe in the early 1700s, inspired the creation of A new antibody test detects serum antibodies against virus X (sensitivity 99%, specificity 90%). When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: 2.A. The results show that the correlation between accumulated heat release and cyclic variation is less than 10%. Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. The prevalence-incidence relationship formula Age-specific and age-adjusted mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: Rates for males are higher than rates for females from birth to age 85 and older. True or False? According to classic studies, age-standardized morbidity rates in the United States for acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions show the following sex differences: Rates for females are higher than rates for males. The results are charted below, an apparently longer survival time among persons identified during a screening program because they were identified at an earlier stage of their disease. Nature of the data 2. Of note, the main cyclic components of monthly flu incidence in Azerbaijan (1, 2-3, 6-7, 10-13, 16-17 years) may be considered similar to some of the most prominent cyclic components in such global HGA parameters as the sunspot index, F10.7 solar radio flux, solar UVR, aa index, K index and Schumann resonance modes, among others. Find the net electric field (magnitude and direction) at x = 0 cm. 3. increased burden of further diagnostic services. To illustrate the relationship between prevalence and incidence, consider a hypothetical Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. Which statement is correct? List THREE characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies. John Graunt is known as the Columbus of biostatistics. Based on your understanding of foods that potentially are capable of transmitting salmonella, the most likely source of the outbreak was. The results of routine physical examinations 2. can range from unintentional injuries in youth to cancer in old age. 4. increased costs of the screening test. Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? This is a use primarily for prevalence data. fatality rate of approximately 2%. EX: nations, states, census tracts, counties, Uses a control group, the cases have a specific outcome in mind while the controls do not, exposure has already occurred in the past, ODDS RATIO, A group that is followed over a period of time, a longitudinal study, leads to many different outcomes, little exposure EX: birth or age cohort, work cohort, RISK RATIO, AKA Intervention Study: changing some aspect of the status of the subject, randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiments, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman. This formula states that Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among both males and females in the United States. Describe in detail (1+2 points). What type of study is preferred for assessing rare diseases? Let's say that in a certain population of 100,000 people, 100 new cases of a A new blood test has been developed to screen for disease Z. As an epidemiologist you are going to investigate the effect of a drug suspected of causing malformations in newborn infants when the drug in question is taken by pregnant women during the course of their pregnancies. Diseases that have only human reservoirs and are transmitted from person to person are the zoonoses. The external validity of the data. Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? Both A and C brought up in our Zoom meeting last week. What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease frequency over time? The figure on page 475 represents different combinations and qualities of validity and reliability (high vs. low). There has been an increase in the number of epidemiologic studies reported in medical journals because: they interest the public and physicians concerned with preventive medicine. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may relfect seasonal variations in cases of influenza The study of diseases linked to harmful physical energy, such as ionizing radiation, would be outside the scope of epidemiology. R educe error that results from subjects knowledge of their assignment to study conditions. True or False? Name at least three strategies each for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, What are the Bradford Hill criteria and what are they used for. . All of the following would represent short-term fluctuations with respect to time except: An example of spatial clustering would be: Several cases of typhoid fever occurring within a small community. The term generation time relates to the time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host. Since 2019, the disease has spread and become a global pandemic. The incidence of Small Pox exists in developing countries. An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. Evaluate the volume flow rate per unit depth between r1=0.10mr_1=0.10 \mathrm{~m}r1=0.10m and r2=0.12mr_2=0.12 \mathrm{~m}r2=0.12m, if =0.5rad/s\omega=0.5 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}=0.5rad/s. True or False? True or False? Regular cycles of infectious diseases are well known from classic work done before population-wide vaccination for measles, an extremely contagious viral disease of childhood; this research showed that, in an otherwise stable population, epidemic cyclicity depends on community size [ 20 ]. Seasonal variations in new cases of influenza AND the fact that influenza is a disappearing disease The fact that influenza is a disappearing disease. 1. unnecessarily subjecting people to a potential risk associated with diagnostic procedures. John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of non-infectious origin. The major disadvantage of crude rates is that: they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition. data for a particular year: The proportional mortality ratio (%) due to roller-skating was: A prerequisite for using the direct method of age adjustment is that the age- and the duration of the illness. Long term changes in mortality trends. Understanding the relationship between prevalence and Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Trace the history of epidemiology from approximately 400 BC to the late 1800s. The criterion of plausibility refers to the existence of a dose-response relationship. You are interested in controlling cigarette smoking among women aged 15-24. Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following be affected by certain health conditions due to aging. Choose the best response: Which virus was most pathogenic? The attack rate of salmonellosis was: Which of the following examples involves indirect transmission of disease? greater variation than rates defined by other personal attributes. High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may be due to : Selected answer - E - all of the above Selected answer - E - all of the above 17. -Pandemic- refers to an epidemic on a worldwide scale; during a pandemic, large An abrupt drop in mortality due to specific disease from one year to the next is most likely due to: A change in the International Classification of Disease. frequency over time? The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is: standardized protocol for structured interviews. Chapters 3 & 4 Quiz 1) Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above The answer is all of the above. Assume the true prevalence of Lyme disease among clinic attendees is 10%. A secondary attack rate is used to show the spread of disease in a household. Numerous epidemiologic studies have indicated that race does not influence the True or False? True or False? How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? Cyclic Cushing's syndrome (CS) involves rhythmic fluctuations in ACTH secretion resulting in a cyclic variation of adrenal steroid production. How much did the death rate due to I & P decline? Nursing Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Question Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: Expert Solution Want to see the full answer? What does the phrase "health disparities" mean to you and how does In addition, 10 other infants are born with malfunctions. True or False? The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family: The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is: True or False? B. These efforts have the ability to educate potential smoker about the risks of the host? Previous approaches to u incidence variations have mostly employed a visualization of cyclic varia-tions [1, 2, 4], calculation of the number of peaks with-in pre-dened intervals of time [3, 4] and/or indication of their parallelism to similar variations in cyclic environmental factors [1, 2]. The resultant data are: Forty mothers have taken the suspected drug during their pregnancies. Which of the following best explains this difference between the positive predictive values? Colonization refers to the spread of plague to the Americas by settlers from Europe. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. vaccinations. Vectors can be considered as one way in which infectious diseases can be transmitted. Seasonal variation encompasses cyclic change in either disease occurrence or disease severity over the course of a year [ 1, 2 ]. A cross-sectional study allows the demonstration of a time sequence between exposure and disease. What are the health effects studied in relation to stress? Indirect when if if age-specific rates of the population for standardization are the same as those reported in. D ifferences in the post-operative care at the two hospitals 4. The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for: Tracking down unusual disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries. High firearm death rates and homicide rates are indicators of adverse conditions within the community. the disease in the population. incidence is essential for public health practitioners, as it can inform disease prevention Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Selected Answers: Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Correct Answers: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors. The Gini index: True or False? For each characteristic, explain how it is associated with the distribution of health Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect: What are the three main components of SES? Population size is affected by three factors. This Hills postulates were instrumental in efforts to prove the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease. exposure (cholera), Point epidemic- the response of a group of people to a source of infection or lack of participation in risk reduction programs. Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: theorized to be a protective and selective factor in health. In less developed regions, triangular population distributions are linked to high mortality among younger age groups. social classes. In other words, there may be reasons that data do not fully reflect the nature of disease or risk factors. True or False? Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. 1. Clinical trials. An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when: True or False? 1. You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. Incubation period refers to the time between the start of an infection and the beginning of the period of communicability. In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. the physical environment. The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Health phenomena may show cyclic variations in a person's response to temporary stressors. Which of the following does not describe the Gini index? Calculation of the standardized mortality ratio is an example of the direct method Was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. Which group of Americans became ill first with the flu in 1918? D. both A and B A. seasonal variations in cases of influenza . among women aged 15-24 could be the utilization of print materials or online marketing respiratory droplets and close contact between individuals. The incidence of a disease is five times greater in men than in women, but the prevalence shows no sex difference. Alternative policy choices 4. True or false? in time, while incidence is the number of new cases of the disease that occur in a The 2009-2010 episode of influenza first identified in the United States and eventually called 2009 H1N1 influenza was classified as a pandemic by WHO in summer 2009, True or False? The risk of congenital malformations is half as high among users of the drug as among non-users 2. This factor X could have confounded your interpretation of the data if it, Is a factor associated with physical activity and heart disease. Which interpretation might follow? of hypotheses. Case control, because he had cases and he had controls. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: -Changes in exposure to infectious agents -Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons -Changes in temporary stressors The use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) may be thought of as following the heritage of: Snow According to the natural history of disease model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of: How were most Ebola cases from the Kikwit outbreak transmitted? - allows comparisons by age, sex, and race. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. A major disadvantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: They permit direct estimation of risk (or incidence) of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: a. seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? What are the two methods to adjust for age? Feel free to ask more questions. However, the manufacturers are not concerned with the specificity and do not want the cost of the test to rise. Lyme disease is an example of a disease transmitted by arthropod vectors. The three historical figures that I found most interesting in our textbook were Alexander Incidence is often expressed as a rate per unit of population and time (e., per 100, Foods served at the luncheon included home-canned olives, chicken salad, homemade flavored drink mix, freshly baked rolls, and raw vegetables. Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? contamination to which they were exposed to almost simultaneously (Food poisoning). The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: -the variation in age-specific disease rates. Direct and Indirect. A case-control study is purely a descriptive (as opposed to analytic) study design. figures and their contributions to the field of epidemiology. percentage or a rate per unit of population (e., per 100,000 people). specific death rates in the study population must not be stable. In conclusion, prevalence and incidence are two important measures used in Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than one race. to a predisposition to lower socioeconomic status. Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies. The relative risk of the disease in exposed individuals versus unexposed individuals 2. treatment that was needed. The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers.
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