Cambridge University Press. chili paste and cheese while it is hot is very sweet and delicious. However, existing literature grossly ignored the value of indigenous institutions as the adaptation mechanism to socio-cultural, techno-economic, politico-institutional, and geo-environmental dynamics. There are no competing interests in this manuscript. Google Scholar. Oddly shaped blood vessels on this freshly harvested liver are bad omens. Lo-manthang and Lo Ghekar Damodar Kunda are two rural municipalities where thirty-nine village settlements are located (District Development Committee, Mustang, 2068 BS: 2012AD). Because the Lhoba language do not have a written script and prior to 1950s all Lhoba people were illiterate, almost nothing is written by Lhoba people about their culture and history. The first author is the primary researcher. The chhume, light supports achieving shil (good manner, meditation or concentration, and enlightenment). Lhoba lives in villages on high terraces. For a town with a population of just 800, Lo seemed to be bustling with activity. Called sky caves, they harbour secrets from a distant past. Macao is located at the junction of saltwater and fresh water, and the crab produced is delicious. The Lo King system with the privilege of titular Kingship ended in 2008. If you want to experience a small window to distant hunter-gatherer past of our species, Tibet offers a surprising and unique experience: The Lhoba people. 2008. Since Loba was compelled to produce grain to sustain their family, the agricultural land had a competitive use. Nayuene is celebrated once or twice a year and there are a number of rules that must be followed in order to observe it. The society practices monogamy and polygamy. The Loba nationality mainly distributes Similarly, the seasonal weather pattern has become unpredictable as some winters are warmer than the springs as winter snowfall is shifted to early spring. Xudulong Festival is the most special Lhoba festival which is celebrated on the second month of Tibetan calendar. Local people remembered the past and said that a knombo, the basket was torn-off, as they worked at the royal field and palace each year. They work in the royal fields and look after the royal herd on a turn basis. The Lo Kingdom and Loba King played a role in achieving and maintaining the autonomy of the region and local resources land, water, forest, and pasture. After all, all that remains unconnected is just a stretch of 50-odd kilometres between the Tibetan border and Jomsom. Already, the Loba are taking measures to safeguard valuable aspects of their cultural heritage in an age of globalization. The Loba livelihood includes agriculture, livestock management, trade/seasonal, tourism, and labor migration. District Development Committee, Mustang. They allocate some pasturelands as protected areas and used only in the scare period (FebruaryMarch) when their livestocks become the physically weakest and most vulnerable due to the shortage of fodder. The waist and neck of both men and women are The first category is ghiughar chhumbe/mhigyaba, who are engaged in worldly/materialistic life (politically and economically) and the second category is ranchunchube/dhawa who are engaged in spiritual and religious life. The singing music of Daxian opera belongs. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. With great hope, we would haul ourselves up to one ridge only to find it leading to yet another. world and the social development is slow. Climate and Development 7 (3): 235245. United Asia Publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01294636. Only 2,000 permits are issued every year, and most of them during the Tiji festival in May. As the study site is Lo-manthang of the Upper Mustang, the Population and Housing Census 2011 documented 569 individuals as the areas total population (CBS 2012). They produce single seasonal crops of few varieties (wheat, naked barley, mustard, potatoes, buckwheat, vegetables). told reporters that due to the dispersed living and inconvenient transportation In Upper Mustang, Lo-manthang, different traditional institutions, such as the King, Lama, Ghenba, and Dhongba, prevail and have played different roles in maintaining the socio-political positions of the place, which is crucial in sustaining the environmental as well as the social system. The Loba live in a kingdom that was founded by a fierce soldier under the oppression of feudal lords. There were apple and apricot orchards and alfalfa fields. Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat. It is not even a dirt track but a boulder- and rock-strewn unpaved road prone to landslides. They widely spread in the areas of Katanga, Kasai, and Maniema. Yaro, Joseph Awetori, Joseph Teye, and Simon Bawakyillenuo. project. The ghenba plays an active role in agricultural activities, irrigation management system, and the protection of crops and pastures. On our way back, we visit it and the shrine of Muktinath. The Loba people often invite folk singers to perform in their The village workers function as watchmen, look after public taps, including whether people use them for washing clothes, as the rules prohibit them from doing so. It spans 27 50 '- 29 16' n and 103 36 '- 105 20' E. The cit. Buddhism seems to have been integrated into the original Bon faith. ), Anthropology of Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions (pp. 'Seeds ensure our survival': the women of Guinea-Bissau who keep vital They inhabit the Mustang and Dolpa districts in the northern part of the region (Dhawalagiri Zone), close to the Nepal-China border.. People Group Location: Omid. We want to thank the University Grants Commission Nepal for partial Financial Support for this research under PhD thesis grant. https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR02991. Jabyang Sonam practises one of the oldest strains of Tibetan Buddhism. The Loba typically drink butter tea before and after work for energy and to prevent chapped lips. Explorations by We had decided to leave Muktinath for the return journey. It is surrounded on three sides by Chinese-occupied Tibet. Pray that God will open the hearts of the governmental leaders in Nepal as well as the local leaders of Mustang to the Truth. 1). The legend of the ancestors of the Loba Lhoba people are the smallest of the 56 ethnic groups in China and live in South-eastern Tibet. Ojha, N.P. Yaks were being herded to pasture, monks were hurrying about on their daily rounds, women were collecting firewood and storing it for the winter, men were busy with harvests and tourists were clicking away at everything in sight. In Krishna B. Bhattachan, Pasang Sherpa and Pasang Dolma Sherpa (Eds.) The Lo King, ghenba, Lama, and dhongba had a close relationship and interdependency in Lo-manthang until now. Design principles in long-enduring irrigation institutions. Just a few years back, the King used to organize a feast at the time of Loshar (the New Year Festival) for all the Loba people in Lo-manthang. Contributions to Nepalese Studies21(2), pp. Today, most Lhoba live at the foot of the Himalayas, in the high mountains and deep valleys. The Government of Nepal contributed a lot to developing a formal education system in the region, where NGOs have also implemented their educational program in coherence with government efforts. The Ghenba, Tamanage Bista said: the fine locally known as chheba, can be asked in a bigger amount. All the mountain passes and peaks we had crossed en route seemed like dwarfs in comparison. The new year is celebrated three times, as each harvest is seen as a different year (on November the 1st, December the 1st and January). The ghenba system has three key positions in Lo-manthang. Samar, at 3,700 m, is a verdant village of just seven households. of the Loba Nationality has been carried on from generation to generation until They inhabit the Mustang and Dolpa districts in the northern part of the region (Dhawalagiri Zone), close to the Nepal-China border. Legend has it that the wall was built over the intestines of a demon felled by Guru Padmasambhava. The Buddhist Loba people there still farm with wooden plows and spend hours spinning prayer wheels, chanting mantras, and consulting Buddhist astrologers on every aspect of life. The Kali Gandaki widens considerably just before Tsaile, and we crossed a tiny metal bridge at the foot of a massive canyon with a line of caves up on a 155-foot-high (47 m) cliff. Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples (pp. They are ghenba, the village head, midhi, the judge, and chhime, the messengers/watchmen. 1980. The temperature is rising at 0.048 degrees Celsius per year, and the annual rainfall is decreasing by three millimeters (mm) per year (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). The Loba follow a collective decision of crop cultivation and harvest. The change from obligatory labor to paid labor has been witnessed as the titular kingship ended, the last King died; and the family of the present King lives mostly in Kathmandu. The barter animal hides, musk, bear paws and other items with Tibetans in exchange for tools and clothing. Dhungel, Ramesh. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523. As Nina Wegner explained via email, "A new school in Lo Manthang offers the national curriculum in the Loba's native language of Lowa, while an amchi (Tibetan doctor) school instills young people with the science, art and . Uphoff, Norman, and Buck Louise. They also give to the poor and needy, and abstain from sexual relations during this time. The Loba practice this system wherever they go and whenever they need to share something. Reoffenders are executed. Indigenous institutions as adaptive measures to environmental dynamics: an ethnographic study of Loba Community of Upper Mustang, Nepal, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1, International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology, https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2011.01092.x, https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.008, https://soscbaha.org/ebook/conference-proceedings-2016/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0174-9, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.951018, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Theory of culture change: The methodology of multilinear evolution. Before making travel plans based on data presented here, please confirm with other sources to the extent possible. Central Bureau of Statistics. Life and livelihoods in the Forbidden Kingdom, the Trans-Himalaya. Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations: Critical anthropological perspectives. The King, as an institution, has played a crucial role in establishing, protecting, and promoting Tibetan Buddhism, especially the Sakyapa sect in the Lo Kingdom. Unique cultures that exist around the world | Crave Bits Now Gomba has started enrollment of novices from other regions of Nepal. Chuksang village (2,965 m) en route was ripe with apples, plums and apricots. Ancient Nepal 148: 3037. The following are illustrative examples of culture: Norms Assumption Belief Behavior Languages Festivals Festival culture is one of the most obvious They support people with the spiritual power that they have gained through meditation. Education and trade also take turns seasonally. At the same time, anthropologists are engaged in documenting indigenous environmental knowledge, traditional ecological knowledge, indigenous technical knowledge, local knowledge, folk climate models, and cultural-specific knowledge (Ellen et al. VANISHING CULTURES - Syracuse University NGOs also assisted Gombas financially and materially. Tamtin Gurung, a local intellectual, said that the system is not favorable to the common people and it has not been harmonized with changing weather system. Zhuji Lane, located in Zhuji Village, Zhuji Town, Nanxiong City, Guangdong Province, covers an area of about 3 square kilometers. This system is practiced in different aspects of life, such as selecting leadership (except the King), distribution of irrigation system, during the Yartung taking a turn to follow Kings possession that leads the masses on horse parade, using the public places such as monasteries and Gomba during the ritual performance and feast. The artists are Newars, or Mongoloids, different ethnically from, though partly intermingled with, the peoples of India, whose art they made their ownwhether its themes were Hindu or Buddhist. Their third name, which is given them by the guru, or the Hindu spiritual teacher, is to be kept a secret. There are more than 100 ethnic/indigenous groups in Nepal, which constitute about 35% of the country's total population as of 2011 (Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS] 2012). But we had no time to linger; we were breathless at 13,000 feet (3,900 metres), where the oxygen level is depleted. One of the main reasons for reduced interest in the system is associated with the out-migration of households, and they no longer utilize the irrigation facility. Ethnography of climate change: Loba strategies to adaptation in Lo-manthang, Upper Mustang, Nepal. 10 companies with the best workplace cultures - CNBC This type of household also has a compatible practice of fraternal polyandry. They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. Another issue is that some people have given up crop cultivation, but started fodder and tree farming, demanding a lot of irrigation during high water demand. The Luba, also known as Baluba, is the largest group of Bantu Community that lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Yellow school buses were plying on this single street, presumably bringing children from surrounding villages. Kingdom of Luba - World History Encyclopedia - Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. Lo is home to three beautiful gompas with exquisite murals, Choede, Jhampa and Thubchen, all in various states of disrepair. Ask the Holy Spirit to cause the Loba to become dissatisfied with their traditional religions, and to make them hungry for the Bread of Life. 3000 years of agriculture in a valley of the high Himalayas. The semi-structured checklist was prepared to guide the KII to seek information on institutions that govern their unity with the Lo kingdom, craft their norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, and adaptive strategies to cope with the changing socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. John Murry. Today, most Lhoba people celebrate The New Year Festival but their celebration date and style is different than typical Tibetan. This is one of the odd traditions that is existing in the world.This old culture is followed by the residents of Spain since 1620.This culture was mainly organized to keep the devils away.According to this culture, children are laid on the mattresses in the street and heavy crowd gather to watch.Usually the jumpers wear traditional costumes to When singing, Polyandrous brothers share a wife by turn, as managed by the wife. They have become less dependent on the parental property as they have diversified their livelihood system, including but not limited to labor migration and engagement in trade and commerce, including in the tourism industry. They were not allowed to leave their area without permission and were not allowed to marry Tibetans. However, Loba people have been adapting to new and heavier conditions by hiring paid laborers supplied from outside. Local feudal are above the local ghenba rules. In the past, the Loba followed the reme ghapkin to serve the palaces kitchen management, rituals, water, fuel, fodder, livestock, security, and handling other business as well (Table 2). In this way, the local institutions are supporting Loba communities to adapt to the changes, although the level of success in adaptation in a traditional way is limited, so the institutions, not only the community, demonstrated their dynamism to adapt to the change. Two They focused on the role of local institutions in enhancing adaptive capacity to maintain the livelihood system (food, fuel, shelter, health, education, communication system, sovereignty over resources, and their management) in resource-scare ecological regions. The vehicle spluttered and stalled on the boulder- and rock-strewn mountainsides, roared through waterfalls and hobbled on riverbeds. University of Illinois Press. Lamas also play a leading role during disasters and support people in coping. District Profile of Mustang, 2068 (in Nepali Mustang Jillako Bastugat Bibaran, 2068). millet-stirred rice dumplings and chili peppers. The general issues such as obtaining oral consent from the participants before taking their interviews, allowing them to leave the interview at any time, and not using inappropriate means to obtain information were followed. The rhetoric and realities of peoples participation in conservation and development in Nepal: An anthropological perspective. How the Himba came to be The first settlements of the Himba people can be traced back to the early 16th century when they crossed the Angolan border and chose Kaokoland (nowadays called Kunene region) as their new homeland. Springer Nature. Samasume is another type of household that is established independently. Stealing and lying are considered heavy crimes and stealing is punished heavily, usually expelling from the village. Caizhao Village now has a small village with Lhoba features, a folk customs museum. Indigenous institutions as adaptive measures to environmental dynamics In Pokhara, we gorged on delectable cheesecake and plum pudding and got our pile of clothes laundered in one of the many laundromats that line the streets. This paper is the output of Ph.D. thesis of first author. Yet, the restored sections are not a patch on the originals. As we were nearing Chumrung, our group of three began to experience the first rumblings of a mutiny. Correspondence to The selection of the KII was based on informants experience and their knowledge of the respective theme of the study. Lhoba religion also has various natural gods. Cultural kingship is still functional in every aspect of cultural life in the Loba community. This study adopted multi-site ethnography, which is suitable in the modern social context, as argued by Marcus (1995). They wear knee-length, sleeveless, buttonlessblack jackets made of sheep's wool with hats made from bear skin or bamboo stripes. Suhasini would have preferred us to stick to our original plan but was outnumbered when Parvathi endorsed my suggestion. Figure3 presents how the traditional local institutions have adapted to dynamic context and maintain the relationship between the people and the local environment. The forms of performance are solo, duet and chorus. Furthermore, due to the out-migration of the Lamas and other people, increased dependency on the market and changing livelihood options of the younger generation are also observable in the Loba community. Although informal, the King still has some power, recognized by Loba communities, to modify individuals or households fine fixed by the ghenba system. Kilolo, chiefs, headed local village government. Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. In less than a month of release . Wuyuezhai Scenic Area, National Forest Park, AAAAAA Tourist Area, is located in the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, located in the northwest of Lingshou County, Hebei Province. The Lhoba engage in barter trade with the Tibetans, trading goods like animal hides, musk, bear paws, dye (locally knowns as tamen or botanically known as Rubia cordifolia) and captured game for farm tools, salt, wool, clothing, grain and tea from Tibetan traders. The chortens (temple) were crowded with garlands of rocks inscribed in Tibetan. Lhoba women wears skirts made from sheep's wool and narrow-sleeved blouses. The speaker in this instance depicts the Loba as akin to the vibrancy of indigenous American cultures, which arguably fall outside of mainstream culture. We plunged our feet into the cool waters of the Kali Gandaki before returning to our hotel, which faced the Nilgiri (well, all the hotels in Jomsom do). Water crab porridge. Yiliang Jiuxiang Scenic Spot is located in a mountainous area with a cool climate, continuous peaks and valleys with a relative height difference of about 200 meters. Both the men and women grow their hair long and often wear it braided. In R. B. Chhetri & O. Gurung (Eds. In Anthropology of Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions (pp. Depending upon the case, the norms defaulter may be asked to be present in front of the village assembly, where, the senior Lama from Chodea Gomba and the Lo King might also be attended. Dhongba households are ancestral property holders, which is transferred from generation to generation, mainly to the eldest son. He Social equity in farmer-managed irrigation in the Terai of Nepal. The Loba people are working to preserve their way of life as globalization creeps in. University of Southern California. Your Guide to Tibetan People and Cultural Life, Uncovering the great Himalayan mystery: the Yeti, The Essence ofTibetan Culture Seen through The Attire and Accessories They Adorn, Leisure life in Lhasa, Tibetan life style, {{count}} Questions and Answers On "Lhoba People in Sountheast of Himalayas", Sorry, E-mail has not been sent successfully. Levine, Nancy E. 1981. We would like to express our deep gratitude to the late Professor Dr. Om Gurung (supervisor) for his generosity, kind support, and supervision during the PhD journey. The second name will be the name they received from their parents at birth. The name Mustang is derived from the Tibetan word meaning, "Plain of Aspiration." Chhetri, Ram Bahadur. These options have changed dramatically in the last few decades with the influence of Nepali state and globalization as a whole. Building monasteries and Gomba are the founding traditions in Lo-manthang; where three main Gombas, which are about five centuries old, are located. The Loba is also those mysterious, breath-taking aspects of nature: 'you are the hills'. https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1139. People can https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v6i0.8480. At some point, the river must have been wide and flowing; now all that remains is a splayed creek on a bed of rocks and pebbles. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. Such changes have severely impacted agriculture, livestock, and the mobility pattern of Loba people for livelihoods. Their life has become much more comfortable in this harsh environmental condition and the impact of modernization is to be prized. They are also responsible for the operation and maintenance of grinding mills in the village. In lieu of their services, King has provided highly fertile land to dhongbas, as Funjok Gurung (39) told us that dhongbas are entitled to become village chiefs. The major changes observed during this period and their implications in the life of Loba Community of Upper Mustang are briefly discussed below: The analysis of meteorological data shows the rise of temperature and decrease in rainfall in the Upper Mustang (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). Khattri, Man Bahadur, and Rishikesh Pandey. The trade routes of the Luba extended all the way from eastern Africa to the distant shores of India. At present the dhongba system is facing several challenges because of the changes in the marriage system and childbirth control, as well as changes in environmental and resource conditions. countryside. 1965. - Few evangelicals, but significant number who identify as Christians. Loba society and a way of existence of the folk life of the Loba people. Climate and weather discourse in anthropology: From determinism to uncertain futures. It is common for a Loba woman to be married to several men, a practice known as polyandry. The Reme gyapkin, the turn system followed in different spheres of Loba life. Photos: Vanishing Cultures Project Captures Threatened Tibetan The wind whistles eerily. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27 (1): 6474. ), Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal: Cultures, Societies, Ecology and Development (pp. The sun was already up. The Loba live in the Mustang District of northern Nepal, at altitudes of between 11,000 and 13,000 feet. However, as people are no longer interested in educating their children as monks, most of the cultivable lands are abandoned. Electricity, telephone and internet facilities are extended to this remote location. A new ghenba takes responsibility for one agriculture cycle, which begins from the performance of sakaluka ritual and works until the next sakaluka. The Upper Mustang lies between 30005000m from sea level, however, the main human settlement of Lo-manthang is located at an altitude of 3700m above the sea level. years, Loba men usually cross long knives, wear fur hunting clothes and fur Upper Mustang is a trans-Himalayan desert (cold) area with an annual average precipitation of less than 20cm. The Loba dress very much like the Tibetan tribes living in the Himalayan region. Ostrom, Elinor. "This is my work in nature. characteristics that distinguish the Loba nationality from other nationalities. 1999. Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. (ABC News: Zoe Osborne) "In earlier times, there were nearly 125 monks here," says Sakya monk, Jabyang Sonam. In fact, their homes are never built toward the South because of the fierceness of these winds. 2015. Samasume includes those households formed by children who are usually grown up in maternal homes and are illegitimate for the ancestral property. Due to the practice of family planning, there is little chance of having a third male child, as a result, the families do not want to separate their second child as well. Taylor Weidman/LightRocket/Getty Images On a cold evening in 2012, anthropologist Jiban Mani Poudel sat sharing tea and snacks with mountain herders huddled around a cattle pen in Nepal's Nhson Valley. 3 and described in the following section. In this way, the Lobas have adapted the politico-institutional changes by informally accepting the King as their supreme governance institution. For example, the feudal lords build three-story houses; but the common people and those in the lower castes are only allowed to build single-story houses without walled in compounds. Aanis are active in Muktinath temple and are the main actors in controlling or maintenance of the process of worshipping. For them, climate change is connected to several things that include but are not limited to the nexus of nature, culture, science, politics, and belief (Barnes & Dove 2015), which helps to highlight contextual knowledge of cultural realities. However, except in Lo-manthang, there are only a few Aanis in Thinger, and Tsarang. Accessed from: https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193. Gongbu Festival, organs, enterprises and institutions in Linzhi District have Article The cliffs were spectacular, far more stunning than any we had seen. We stopped in Tsarang, the summer capital of the King of Mustang where his dzong (fort) houses an armoury. (PDF) The Interface of Ethnicity, Modernity and Caste: A Study of Each year, they come from the Kuthak family. International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology The Jigme Foundation also supported local people through food items, such as rice, salt, and other materials, during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown, with the support of the local representatives of the foundations, who are from the Kings close relatives. Pandey, Rishikesh. The Luba supplemented their agriculture by hunting and fishing in the surrounding area. the Loba people. They were isolated for years and are completely unevangelized. Gombas are still playing their customary role even in a recently changing context where the modern education system has already entered the Loba community, and there is no obligation these days that the second child of the family becomes the Lama or Anis. In Climate cultures: Anthropological perspectives on climate change, ed.
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